tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5965608821557747682024-03-06T01:49:36.109-05:00Café Philo @ Boston | 哲學星期五@波士頓
2010 年 8 月 13 日開始,每週五晚上的公民論壇,早期為青平台計畫之一,2012 年起以小額募款,獨立運作。同年 8 月起設「哲學『非』星期五」,以更機動開發公民性、想像力的「非」主流議題。
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2014 年10月,我們於波士頓舉辦了第一場「哲學非星期五@Boston」,歡迎大家持續支持!Chiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15396393080234702748noreply@blogger.comBlogger32125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-596560882155774768.post-14047138624454782252020-06-27T10:30:00.000-04:002020-07-12T19:32:50.581-04:00爸爸媽媽沒消失?性別框架卻還在! 台灣同性婚姻合法一週年,社會改變了嗎?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">為慶祝六月同志驕傲月,<a href="https://www.facebook.com/pp5tw/" target="_blank">匹茲堡哲學星期五</a>跨海邀請到著名的精神科醫師徐志雲,在</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2020<span lang="ZH-TW">年</span>6<span lang="ZH-TW">月</span>27<span lang="ZH-TW">日週六上午,跟大家分享臺灣同婚合法一週年後的社會現況。本次線上活動,由匹茲堡哲五義工、任職於</span>Carnegie
Mellon University<span lang="ZH-TW">卡內基梅隆大學的臨床心理師江孟純博士主持。在美國的朋友外,也有在臺灣的朋友們共襄盛舉,一起透過網路聆聽徐醫師的演講。</span></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">本演講共一個半小時,前半小時是徐醫師的演講,後一小時則是線上朋友與徐醫師的問答互動。</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">主持人一開始先為大家介紹了徐醫師的著作,《讓傷痕說話》,是徐醫師從他臨床的角度來敘述他所遇到的彩虹生命,以及這些生命的人生故事,值得有興趣的朋友們找來閱讀。</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">「熱線」的長期義工,同志信賴的精神科醫師</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">演講開始,徐醫師先跟大家自我介紹。他本身是金門人,加上就讀醫學系時是公費生,所以目前在金門家鄉服務。除了是精神科專科醫師外,也是兒童青少年精神科專科醫師,同時擔任「臺灣同志諮詢熱線協會」理事長。為了服務同志朋友,他也在台大醫院開設同志諮詢門診,來諮詢的包括同志、關心同志的他的親友們。他們可能因為社會壓力或是各種污名化而前來就診,也可能針對伴侶關係來諮商,或者是</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">HIV<span lang="ZH-TW">感染者、跨性別者,前來進行諮詢和評估,所以徐醫師本身與同志族群有許多接觸。</span></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">另一方面,徐醫師自己也從事長期的同志運動,像這次所要跟大家談的題目,就跟他在同志運動方面的經歷很有關連。徐醫師</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2000<span lang="ZH-TW">年從金門到臺灣讀大學,</span>2003<span lang="ZH-TW">年加入同志諮詢熱線協會擔任義工,目前是協會理事長,至今在熱線共十七年的時間。</span></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「熱線」是歷史最悠久的全國性立案的同志團體,</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1998<span lang="ZH-TW">年立案,至今已有二十二年的歷史。顧名思義,它就是一個接線服務,就像是一般人聽過的張老師、生命線,經由接電話的方式提供來電的人諮詢、輔導跟情緒支持,對象則設定在同志族群。</span></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">徐醫師要大家想像一下,</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1998<span lang="ZH-TW">年,上個世紀的事情,那時候的同志幾乎完全沒有什麼社會資源,他唯一的資源可能就是這支電話,然後在電話另一頭的陌生人是他唯一能夠接觸到的同志,所以當時熱線就是基於同儕輔導的觀念而成立的。</span></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">熱線一開始就單純接線而已,但接線接久了,就發現同志在那個時代背景當中遇到的困難,諸如種種社會壓力、跟家人的關係、情感關係,還有找伴侶的困難,真是太多太多了,所以熱線開始分工,設立很多小組,提供除了接線之外的服務。</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">同志的老朋友、家長眼中的……邪教組織(?)</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">一開始成立的是家庭小組,處理同志跟原生家庭的議題,包括怎麼跟父母親出櫃、出櫃之後和父母親關係緊繃怎麼辦、熱線可以如何協助這個家庭。另外,像是教育小組,到各級學校去演講、宣導,讓大家認識這個社會上有同志存在、宣導一些最基本的關於同志的知識、常識,畢竟,從以前到現在,都還是有很多人對同志存在著嚴重的誤解。</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">徐醫師表示,就像今天主講的標題,臺灣同性婚姻合法一週年後,一些性別框架還是存在。大家以為臺灣好像是亞洲領先者,仿佛我們是一個對同志已經非常平等、友善的國家,但除了法律制度看起來稍微有跟上了之外,社會層面還有很多需要改善的地方。如果現在都是這樣了,那就那更不用說在二十多年前。熱線一直在致力於改善同志的處境。</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">熱線後來也陸續成立了像是女同志親密關係小組,還有愛滋小組,處理所有同志的性健康的議題,宣導衛教,以及更重要的工作——去污名化,也就是去除對性傳染病跟</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">HIV<span lang="ZH-TW">相關的一些污名,不僅是從醫療跟公衛的角度來改善,更希望從心理跟社會的角度去協助大家。</span></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">熱線後來也成立了南部辦公室,希望能更深入到全台各地。總之,徐醫師說在熱線長達十七年的義工經歷對他影響很深,包括他醫學系畢業之後選擇當精神科醫師、開設同志諮詢門診,都受在熱線服務的經驗而觸發。</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">熱線是一個</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">NGO<span lang="ZH-TW">,非政府單位的民間組織,很多人能從熱線獲得他們所需的幫助與資源。但徐醫師打趣的說,在臺灣還是一群人不敢踏入民間組織,擔心民間組織是什麼妖魔鬼怪。他有時候會自嘲說,熱線就像個邪教組織,在很多家長眼中,孩子一進到這個邪教組織就會變成同性戀。</span></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">有些人不敢在熱線尋求幫助,但又不敢在公部門尋找資源,那怎麼辦呢?他們通常會選擇相信醫生。大家知道在臺灣,民眾對醫生是有一定的信任度的,講得白話一點,就是有些人會比較迷信醫生。徐醫師說他既有這個身份和專業,當然就更希望能夠為同志跟他們的家屬提供一些服務,因此</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2015<span lang="ZH-TW">年起,他就在台大醫院開設了同志諮詢門診。</span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">婚姻平權路上的種種坎坷</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">也因為這些背景,徐醫師對臺灣同志運動的發展、同志的處境以及社會環境的變化,都有第一線的參與和敏銳的觀察。由於大家對臺灣同志運動的認識深淺不一,所以徐醫師在上述簡單的自我介紹後,為大家簡述了臺灣同志婚姻合法化的進程。</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">一些對臺灣同志運動很重要的團體,熱線是其中一個,後來陸續成立的團體,像同志家庭權益促進會、伴侶盟、婚姻平權大平台(現改為彩虹平權大平台),族繁不及備載。早期就存在的婦運團體,像婦女新知基金會,也是同志朋友們的前輩和同志運動很重要的養分與支持伙伴。那麼,同志婚姻合法化是怎麼獲得實踐的呢?首先,大約是在</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2006<span lang="ZH-TW">年,時任立法委員的蕭美琴立委,提出同性婚姻的草案,但當時的社會氛圍,根本連一讀都沒有通過,馬上就灰飛煙滅了;後來</span>2013<span lang="ZH-TW">年的時候,尤美女立委提出民法修正案,希望民法能納入同性婚姻,但當時也是遇到很多阻力。不過那時開始,在臺灣的學術界,包括徐醫師所在的精神醫學界、比較進步的民間組織、性別相關的團體,都發起了一些連署,希望能促成尤美女立委提出的民法修正案。很可惜的是,這個案件還是功虧一簣。</span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">反同團體的步步進攻</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">大家比較熟悉的,可能是在</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2016<span lang="ZH-TW">年裡發生的各種事情,不管是同志團體,或反同組織發起的各種活動,都風風火火,非常激烈。</span></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">那年,在尤美女立委的新任期一開始,她再一次提出民法修正案。那時立法院裡進步派的立委人數變多了,大家開始期待同性婚姻是否真有機會合法化。這件事的進度變得非常快,不只是立法的進程,還有反同團體的手腳也非常迅速,他們立刻集結他們大量的資源跟人馬、金錢,包括與基督教有關的資源。</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">這些反同團體,像是大家熟悉的護家盟、下一代幸福聯盟、信心希望聯盟、安定力量,都陸續出來強烈反對同性婚姻合法化,使得尤美女立委遇到很多挫折和阻礙。在國民黨立委的杯葛下,原本要一讀通過的法案,差點又被迫要先召開二、三十場的公聽會。後來在各種折衝之下,不得不又召開了兩場公聽會。</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">徐醫師回憶,他參加的其中一場公聽會,挺同、反同代表各佔一半,攻防不斷。一般人可能不太清楚,反同團體也是會進化的,早期,大約十年前,他們可能製造、散播一些很荒謬的謠言,或者不吝於展露他們背後的宗教價值觀;但這幾年間他們很懂得包裝自己,不說他們反同、不交代他們的宗教信仰,而是把自己包裝成一群愛家的人。他們的資金雄厚,會在一些可以接觸到中老年的大眾媒體大作宣傳,讓同志團體倍感艱辛。</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">同志團體們當然比較希望就民法進行修訂,讓同志婚姻獲得承認,但尤美女立委提出民法修正案通過一讀後就卡住了,無法進入二讀。但另一件引人矚目的事情出現了,就是伴侶盟幫祁家威先生提出的釋憲案。</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">當時,臺北市政府也針對同性婚姻提出另一個釋憲案,後來共同促成了現在大家所熟悉的《司法院釋字第</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">748<span lang="ZH-TW">號解釋》,當中認為同性無法結婚是違憲的。不過這份解釋給立法院兩年的時間去修訂法案,而且沒有指定是要在民法中修訂,所以造成反同團體有運作的空間。他們希望同性婚姻的相關法律越殘破越好,最好不適用民法,所以提出要另立專法,甚至有些人還認為用公投可以推翻釋憲所歸還同志的結婚權,於是提出了反同婚的公投案。</span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">公投結果嚴重傷害同志族群</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">也因此,大家在</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2018<span lang="ZH-TW">年年底地方選舉時一併進行的十個公投案,裡面就有三個關於反同的議案。這一仗大家打得非常辛苦,徐醫師說,根據國外的經驗,只要類似的議題進入公投中,就會對同志非常的不利。反同方有大量的金錢、人力,一直透過各種媒體來恐嚇社會大眾,像是「同性婚姻一旦通過,爺爺奶奶、爸爸媽媽就會消失」、「不知道怎麼教孩子」、「孩子以後會變成同志」之類的。</span></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">徐醫師指出,大部分的同志都是在異性戀父母的家庭中成長的,從小不斷被灌輸異性戀的教育,也沒有變成異性戀。他每次演講,都要很努力跟大家說,教育只能讓人們認識世界上有各式各樣多元的人,但沒辦法轉變一個人的性傾向。</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">反同團體非常荒謬,但很多臺灣人相信他們的恐嚇,公投結果也重挫了同志社群。幸好在行政院、執政黨以及其他幾個對同志友善的政黨的努力下,同志雖然不能順理成章的直接在民法中擁有婚姻權的保障,但至少還是獲得了「婚姻」兩個字,能夠「結婚」,而非使用一些奇怪的形式,諸如「伴侶結合」。</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2019<span lang="ZH-TW">年</span>5<span lang="ZH-TW">月</span>17<span lang="ZH-TW">日,《司法院釋字第</span>748<span lang="ZH-TW">號解釋施行法》三讀通過,同年</span>5<span lang="ZH-TW">月</span>24<span lang="ZH-TW">日生效,同志可以正式登記結婚。</span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">不夠完善的法令以及一些還存在的標籤</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">不過關心這個議題的朋友大概知道,這個法案通過之後,關於同志的跨國婚姻、領養小孩的權利,還有人工生殖方面的法令,都還不完備,該做的事情還很多。徐醫師想讓大家一起來思考,臺灣社會真的有大家想像的進步嗎?</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">去年</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">8<span lang="ZH-TW">月,包括熱線、同家會、婚姻平權大平台,都一起去首爾參加了</span>ILGA-Asia<span lang="ZH-TW">雙年會,它是亞洲同志團體的雙年會。那時所有亞洲國家同志運動的戰友們,都來恭喜臺灣的與會者,他們本身也因為臺灣的同志婚姻合法化受到很大鼓舞!因為在亞洲很多國家,都還在面臨很基本的同志的人權受到迫害,像那時的主辦國韓國,就是很保守的一個國家,同志運動做得很艱辛,他們被迫面對很多更瘋的反同團體的打壓,所以他們一聽說臺灣同婚合法化了,真的很興奮,代表這件事不是完全沒有可能。他們一方面恭喜臺灣,一方面也獲得動力可以繼續下去,並相信總有一天一定會成功。</span></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">可是徐醫師提醒聽眾,仔細探究起來,在臺灣婚姻平權的歷程中,還是可以看到傳統性別框架的存在跟性別不平等的情況。舉例來說,反同團體在攻擊同性婚姻的時候,最常拿來打的一件事就是男同性戀會得愛滋。為什麼他們最常用這個議題?因為這個議題最好用,光是講這件事就足夠造成社會的恐慌。</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">但事實很清楚,愛滋病病毒、</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">HIV<span lang="ZH-TW">病毒並不會挑族群,任何人都可能得到。</span></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">不過這樣的恐慌、病毒與男同志的連結,卻長期存在於臺灣社會以及世界上很多國家。在反同團體的語彙中,女同志則是直接被摒除掉的。他們的「同志」直接等於「男同志」,然後認為同志會得愛滋</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。徐醫師打趣的說,這種謬論其實很容易反駁,因為女同志得到</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">愛滋的比例甚至比異性戀低,如果按照反同團體的邏輯,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">為什麼不讓女同志結婚?如此一來全臺灣就會變得更健康呢。可是他們就是會自動忽略掉女同志的部分。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">徐醫師繼續說,大家也知道,在現代這種民粹的氛圍中,大家要的就是很簡單的語言,而簡單的語言往往是情感的連結,而非理智的判斷,反同團體知道這樣的恐嚇很有效,所以光是男同志,被他們形容為:容易得</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">愛</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">滋,只要一旦同性婚姻合法化,臺灣就會變</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">愛</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">滋島。從這樣一連串不合邏輯,但是非常容易勾起情緒跟恐慌的語言被接受、被流傳,我們就知道臺灣社會光是在性別的平等、光是在擺脫這些因為恐「性」而產生的害怕的情緒上,都還有很長的路要走。雖然許多團體,甚至也包括某些政府單位,都努力希望降低</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">愛</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">滋污名,但是在很多社會新聞上,同志族群還是很容易被扣連上去,好像特別容易得到愛滋,把</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">愛</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">滋形容成一個不治之症、絕症,得到就很恐怖。</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">同婚合法化後,性別運動還有很長的路要走</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">此外,徐醫師表示,臺灣還有一些更細微的問題。如,在政治立場當中,性別議題是一個很容易被犧牲掉的議題。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在臺灣社會當中所謂的進步派、民主派,或年輕人,大家可能會有共識,認為「讓同性得到婚姻權」這件事情是重要的,但它很容易在各式各樣的其他政治議題當中被犧牲,無法並存。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">明明照理說,性別或同婚的議題跟其他政治議題是可以並存、相容的,但是被某些人認為不相容、有所謂的高低優劣之分。這樣講可能有點抽象,徐醫師解釋,就像美國最敏感的議題是種族議題,臺灣最敏感的議題,則是統獨議題。甚至可以說這十幾二十年的總統大選,最後決定結果的關鍵,還是統獨議題,看兩黨在統獨議題上的操作,包括哪一種操作方式可以得到最多人民的安全感,對大選的結果影響最大。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">也因此這就發生一個狀況了:當某些人認為性別議題跟統獨議題相斥的時候,性別議題就很容易會被犧牲掉。徐醫師繼續說,像</span>2018<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span>10<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月公投時,十個公投案裡面包括臺灣正名的提案,根據他自己的觀察,支持婚姻平權的群眾當中,大部分是會支持臺灣正名這件事情的,至少他們會有這個基本的概念;換言之,支持婚姻平權跟支持臺灣正名的這兩個族群有高度的重疊性,但是當事情被極端化、扁平化時,有一些人在宣傳公投案,只宣傳要「兩好三壞」——支持挺同的兩個公投案,反對反同的三個公投案——而沒有把「臺灣正名」一起拉進來,於是支持臺灣正名的基本教義派就認為:為什麼同志族群或是從事性別運動的人不挺我們?因此他們就會反過來威脅說:如果你們沒有把臺灣正名的議題納入你們的宣傳當中,那我也不挺你們了。</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">脆弱的性別議題和稀薄的性別意識</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">徐醫師強調,這些議題彼此間並不是相斥的。每個人最在意的事情不一樣,一個只宣傳兩好三壞、關於同志議題公投的人,心裡可能也是支持臺灣正名和各種進步的公投的,只是不見得將之列為對外宣傳的優先選擇,但是卻會被批評為不挺臺灣正名,被對方反擊成「那我也不挺你的婚姻平權」。這個時候婚姻平權就變成一個很次等的議題。徐醫師感嘆,這種現象其實讓人感覺滿心酸的,因為看到婚姻平權是一個很容易被犧牲的議題。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">每個人都有最在意的事情,每個人都會恐慌於「我最在意的事不是別人最在意的事」。中間當中有多少賽局的交換,徐醫師認為這是一個很幽微的東西。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">再舉例來講,在許多政治的場合上,可能會有像是早期的太陽花運動期間那種民主講堂、肥皂箱,大家上去可以各抒己見,談各種議題。性別議題是一個相對進步的議題,會有很多人上去宣講,可是就會發生這樣的情況,什麼情況呢?當一個人講完性別議題之後,下一個上去講的人,大談自己的政治理念時,就會拿性別議題去羞辱某些政治人物。如,就會暗指馬英九是</span>GAY<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,或是他跟金溥聰有一腿。這種揶揄或是嘲笑政治人物的語言,說的人認為是可以用來攻擊政治人物的方式,可是當攻擊政治人物的方式,是拿他的性別氣質來講,或是揣想這個人是同性戀,某種程度上又在加深「同性戀是一種可以拿來被當成笑柄」、「用來攻擊人的武器」的印象,背後所代表的意涵就是,在他心目中同性戀是一個值得被嘲笑的、次等的公民。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">徐醫師語重心長的說,他們在台下可以很清楚看到這個很不理想的現象,但台上的人和台下很多觀眾都覺得很好笑。性別議題成為一個很容易被犧牲的議題,就算同婚通過後,臺灣還是存在這樣的狀況。徐醫師提醒大家,在不同議題的競逐中,應該把性別議題放在我們腦中,隨時提醒自己,在發表意見時,不要用性別來羞辱他人。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">徐醫師約半小時的短講結束後,是參與的觀眾們熱烈提問的時段。</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">同婚後,爸爸媽媽還在嗎?大家變同志了沒?</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">主持人孟純首先發問:</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「很謝謝徐醫師跟我們分享您從社會運動的經驗來看臺灣同志的運動史,還有親身體會這些幽微的層面的感受。您覺得自從去年同婚通過後,社會大眾原本的揣測,像是爸爸媽媽不會存在、所有人接受同志教育後都會變成同性戀,這些想法是對的嗎?還有,您剛談到用性別議題來羞辱別人或是講笑話的狀況在這一年來有改變嗎?還是依然是大家要努力的部分?」</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">徐醫師回答:「同婚通過了一年後,爺爺奶奶沒有消失,爸爸媽媽當然也沒有,異性戀的生活不會受到同性戀以及同性戀能結婚的影響。更延伸出去,反同團體說:『少子化已經這麼嚴重了,讓同性戀結婚不就更加重少子化嗎?』其實才沒有勒!很多同性戀很想生小孩的,讓同志可以結婚,搞不好還能達到增產報國的效果。」</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「異性戀想不想結婚的關鍵在於我們的環境到底適不適合生小孩跟養小孩,絕對跟同婚有沒有通過無關。同婚通過後,臺灣島沒有沉掉,也沒有因為什麼紫色的雲籠罩臺灣而降下劈雷之類的。在反同團體的恐嚇之下,很多人真心相信臺灣會變得很可怕,認為社會倫常會因此而改變。但我們一直相信一旦通過之後,臺灣支持同性婚姻、並且願意接納同志的比例一定會上升,因為大家就會發現這就是一件自然的事情。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">人的確需要花些時間去習慣,當他發現通過一年我的生活就還是這個樣子、原來沒有當初想像這麼可怕,而且當身邊出現越來越多人可以出櫃、會在各式場合當中接觸到同志伴侶、發現他們跟一般人沒什麼兩樣,都有各式各樣的七情六欲,那接受度就會越來越高。各國的經驗也都是這個樣子。」</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">為什麼反同團體非常害怕同婚合法化?</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">徐醫師接著說:「就像當初我真的非常害怕公投成立,我們知道公投成立對同志族群一定造成巨大的傷害,反同團體也擔心同婚真的合法化,因為一旦合法化,他們過去講的那些謊言一定會被拆穿,大家會知道世道、倫常並沒有什麼改變。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">第二個問題,我覺得性別議題中的同志議題,是會隨著同婚合法化而有些改善的,大家接觸得多,越來越視為一個正常、自然的現象,觀念一定是會持續進步的。但是,就像我今天這個演講的標題,傳統的那個性別框架呢?我覺得不見得會因為同婚通過而改善,那個其實一個更巨大的工程。同婚通過,某種程度可以讓一般人對婚姻的想像多一些,但是對於所謂的異性婚姻,還有一些傳統婚姻、傳統價值,要讓大家有更開放性的想像,還是滿困難的。」</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">同婚合法化,仍難撼動社會長久以來的性別框架</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">徐醫師舉例:「我常拿來開玩笑的一個好朋友,他是男同志,同性婚姻合法化後結婚了,結婚之後發現遇到了三件事。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">第一件事是他另一半的爸媽跟他要了生辰八字。為什麼會需要生辰八字呢?對方說,因為現在已經結為親家,所以要幫他處理他的冤親債主。第二件事是他被加入另一半的家人的團購名單,團購什麼呢?光明燈。第三個是被加入對方家人的</span>line<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">群組,要面對各種長輩圖。這一切其實跟異性夫妻是很像的,兩個人的結合就是兩個家族的結合,很多地方需要磨合。所以同性婚姻是否能夠快速的改變整個性別文化生態,我覺得當然沒這麼容易,還差得遠呢。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">但還是有些啟發性啊。傳統上,大家會對於異性伴侶結婚都有過高的對於傳宗接代的要求跟想像,對於異性伴侶來說是一個滿大的壓力,明明生養小孩沒有這麼容易,可是所有人、家裡長輩都期待他們結婚後要盡快結婚生子。我有一對好朋友是女同志,我發現在她們的婚禮上,雙方家長、來參加婚禮的長輩,沒有人祝她們『早生貴子』。大家可能看到兩個都是女性,『早生貴子』有點說不出口,可是我們很清楚他們要生還是生得出來的,不管是有血緣的下一代,或者是領養的下一代,還是有機會可以有小孩。但是可能在她家族親友中,不敢講出早生貴子這件事。我就在想那大家可不可以行行好,在異性戀的婚禮中,也不要一直祝人家早生貴子、給人壓力。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">像我現在三十八歲了,我朋友圈同年齡段的結婚潮已經過了,結婚旺季大概是三十出頭的時候,現在結婚的都算是比較晚婚了。現在結婚的朋友,我覺得他們好可憐,因為異性戀的他們會被更多人盯著要早生貴子,會聽到『啊你都這個歲數了,再不生來不及了』的話,所有的致詞和祝福中都隱含著類似的威脅,尤其是對女方,經常若有似無的提醒女方,說『你這樣子再拖下去,你的身體會負荷不了,你的生殖細胞會老化,你的子宮會不行』,某種程度上催婚跟逼婚背後都隱藏著這些意圖。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">有時甚至會講些不得體的笑話。可能異性戀夫妻結婚三年沒有小孩,就會有各式各樣的親戚長輩會去教他們怎樣能夠生小孩,而且還『包生男』。我遇過最離奇的,是那種真的有隔壁鄰居來教一位太太說,『你跟你先生行完房之後,要趕快躺到床尾靠牆壁的地方,把兩腳往上抬,設法讓精液能夠流進子宮中幫助受孕。』對,管閒事管到這種地步。」</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">內閣成員的性別比例,應該要在意</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">徐醫師接著感嘆:「異性戀真的很可憐耶,同性婚姻通過後我真的希望大家能好好關心異性戀,他們所遭受的性別的框架,包括傳宗接代的壓力、男生應當如何女生應當如何,以及對女性生殖年齡的期待,都還是相當沉重,這些不是靠著同婚通過就能瓦解和改善的,還是要有很多人有意識的繼續努力。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">再隨便舉個例子。總統新任期的內閣,大家知道女性的比例非常低。不包括唐鳳的話只有三位女性閣員。很多人認為現在的執政黨在性別議題上相當進步,的確,相較於過去的執政黨,總體來講是進步的沒有錯,但不能因此就不盯著內閣的性別比例,應該在意的事還是需要在意。在社會已經走到這個地步的時候,內閣比例如此懸殊是非常離奇的事,我不相信找不出優秀的女性來擔任內閣閣員,這背後牽涉到非常多政治角力,<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a>也是我前面說的,很多時候在政治角力的考量下,性別議題就被排擠到最末端。所以我們還需要很多努力,讓性別議題跟其他議題一樣重要,被列入考量,而不是被壓制、變成次要的考量。」</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">現場朋友</span>Julia<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">提問:「徐醫師常來美國跟精神科醫師交流合作嗎?怎麼樣在精神科裡找到自己的熱情?」</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">當年選擇精神科的機緣</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">徐醫師回答:「今年當然沒辦法,今年出不了國,很多人也回不來。之前會去參加一些活動,包括</span>APA<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年會,美國精神醫學會的年會,我自己去參加過一次,辦在加拿大多倫多。那次我在裡頭聽到很多同志的議題,在所謂的先進國家當中,同志議題在心理或精神相關的領域都還是滿重要的議題。有一些交流合作機會,但是可能沒有到非常頻繁。我這種不務正業的人反而跑去參加另外一個</span>APA<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,就是孟純所在的</span>APA<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。我跟孟純是在美國心理學會的年會上認識的,我去談的也是同志的議題。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">至於怎樣在精神科裡找到自己的熱情跟適合自己的位置?這是一個很深的議題,因為提問的</span>Julia<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">是美國匹茲堡醫學院的學生,所以大概知道一些臺灣的精神科醫師養成過程。臺灣是高中畢業讀醫學院,美國則是學士後醫。學士後醫的制度基本上能讓人更了解自己要的是什麼;對臺灣的醫學生來講,高中畢業就選擇醫學院,很多人只是因為成績到了,講得誇張一點就是成績太好了,沒有別的選擇。在臺灣這一點很詭異,大家很愛念醫學系,當你成績太好的時候反而變成沒有選擇,所有人都會逼你念醫。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">我念醫是因為當時金門有公費,家人告訴我家中經濟不太好,有公費可以念是比較好的選擇。當時我們要念七年,第七年要實習,要到各科去瞭解各科的病人狀況,我覺得更重要是要去瞭解各科的生活形態,你未來成為那一科的醫師,會是怎麼樣的生活形態、自己能不能夠適應。我到精神科實習後覺得是我比較喜歡的生活形態。有些同學覺得精神科的病人怎麼這麼恐怖,但我完全不覺得。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">熱情這件事,一開始興趣是一個部分,但興趣和熱情是很容易被消磨的,我在精神科接受訓練時是非常艱辛的。臺灣的醫生工時非常長,負擔又很重,對體力、情緒或專業知識都是非常大的考驗,前面一兩年非常辛苦。但比較上手之後,我真的覺得我是真心喜歡精神科,不管是</span>biological<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">生物學、或是</span>psychological<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">心理方面、或是更社會性的精神科,加上我這麼喜歡做社會運動,所以我認為精神科是一個我比較可以施展也很有興趣的領域。如果真的要談我個人特別的一點,可能真的是因為我從大學開始參加熱線,從事性別運動、社會運動,所以讓我覺得走精神科能有更多的發揮,這可以說是我熱情增加的關鍵。」</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">個人承受的痛苦,源頭可能來自社會環境</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">主持人孟純有感而發的說:「我不知道徐醫師有沒有這樣的發現,像我自己就會覺得在臨床上很多病人的問題不見得是他個人的問題,很多都是因為社會環境的不平等而造成的個人受苦的結果。如果這個社會非常有愛、都對彼此非常溫柔,就能讓所有的人都很幸福平安、健康生活,那個案就不用來門診了。可是這是很難的事,所以我們除了臨床工作之外,都還是會參與社會相關的一些活動和倡議。」</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">徐醫師繼續說:「我自己也認為做臨床工作這麼久了,怎麼可能不去思考社會的議題,因為很多人卡在那個環境當中。用大家最熟悉的婆媳議題來舉例,婆婆跟媳婦這兩個女性角色,被僵化在整個社會對於『婆婆』的想像、對於『媳婦』的想像,所以兩個人都很痛苦。這個時候我們不管是作諮商心理、臨床心理或精神科醫師的工作,我們都被教育成在做一個</span>individual
psychotherapy<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,試圖讓一個個人改變自己思考的框架,或理解自己情緒的感受,或是改變自己的</span>defense mechanism<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">防衛機制,讓他能夠過更自在的生活。但這是因為在我們面前的是這一個人,他來到我們的現場,我們能對他做的事就是對他施力、或是跟他一起合作,讓他能夠走出來。這是在我們的專業訓練裡被教育的歷程。當然有些人改變了自己的心理框架、</span>inner
reality<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">之後,比較能夠自在的生活,但我真的很難不去想,如果這個社會更友善一點,對婆媳不要有太多要求,大家都得到解放,當事人就不需要這麼辛苦、去改善自己的</span>inner
reality<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">內在現實去適應這個社會。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">包括開同志諮詢門診,也是做的是</span>individual<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的事情,是幫助同志如何適應社會環境,另外像是親子之間出櫃的議題和伴侶的議題,我們頂多只能做到</span>couple
therapy<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">或</span>family therapy<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,如果我們能讓社會更友善一些,很多人根本不用來我的門診,這也是我期待的理想狀態,同志們不再需要這個同志諮詢門診。」</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">成為精神科醫師,又關懷同志,跟自我期許有關嗎?</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">下一個問題:「請問徐醫師選擇當精神科醫師,以及關懷同志,以及你想要成為怎樣的人,這三者之間有什麼關係?」</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">徐醫師回答:「這問題超難的耶,根本是一個哲學議題。選擇當醫師這件事情比較現實一點,就像我剛所講的,是因為有公費,所以選醫學系成為醫生;成為精神科醫師是因為在各科中我最喜歡的還是精神科;關懷同志這件事則跟我自己是男同志的身份有關。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在我的成長背景當中,歷經很多無法出櫃的艱辛,所以當我參加熱線之後想說,『啊,我終於得到了一些解脫,有人可以跟我談我的同志身份,我終於找到很多的同儕支持』,會希望這樣的同儕支持和社會正義能夠得到落實,會在這條路上走下去是很自然的歷程。當然還有一些比較個人化的原因。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">熱線是我比較待得下去的團體,我很難在一般的男同志主流社群中跟大家社交。我很難去</span>Gay
bar<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,很難跟一群男同志一起出去郊遊,這些對我來說是不自在的。對我來說自在的社交方式就是我跟他工作。聽起來像是工作狂會講的話,但這種交友方式對我而言比較自然,熱線就是這樣的環境。我一直在當義工的過程中,跟人合作、作教育演講、規劃活動或是做社會倡議,很自然的認識人,這種方式讓我覺得比較踏實一點。所以用做同志運動的方式關懷同志,是我個人覺得比較自在的方式。至於我想成為怎樣的人?超難的耶~孟純想成為怎樣的人?」</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">「自我」是一個流動的過程,而非一成不變</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">收到問題的孟純立刻機智救場:「剛剛徐醫師分享了很多,我想我們對社會的關心,都是來自於我們生活和工作上的經驗,我們的經驗也會影響我們工作以及生活的方式,這就是我們成為怎樣的人的過程。大家可能都會問自己想成為怎樣的人,我的觀點會覺得,這是一個互動、流動的過程,是『我』的行為塑造了『我』,『我』被塑造後又去做了什麼樣的工作、跟別人互動。這是一個流動的過程,而不是終極會達到的境界。」</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">徐醫師期許自己又「下流」又有智慧</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">徐醫師聽了之後彷彿產生靈感,回答:「如果真的硬要有一個白話一點的說法,要成為怎樣的人,我希望能成為一個能夠下流又能有智慧的人。能夠下流很重要耶,每個精神科醫師或心理師都有自己的風格,我就是完全無法走正向心理的人,這個世界或人生就是很多狗屁倒灶的事,整個人生說到底就是存在主義說的種種荒謬。我的治療方式或諮商會談很難完全走正面,但我又希望在闇黑的過程中,在我的門診中讓當事人可以有些現實感或得到些啟發,尤其是當我很認同自己對各種下流的事情都比較能夠接受的時候,比較能跟個案有共鳴,個案比較容易談自己難以啟齒的那一面,這對心理工作或精神醫學工作來說是很重要的事。當他知道醫生對這些種種下流的事情不會大驚小怪,也是滿重要的。這不僅是我的工作,我的人生也很努力在落實這件事。」</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">另一個問題:「您成立同志諮詢門診很辛苦嗎?有學校或其他單位的資源或阻力嗎?」</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">台大醫院「同志諮詢門診」成立秘辛</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">徐醫師說:「老實講還滿幸運的,這幾年在主流精神醫學界當中,對於同志的觀念其實還是比較開放跟進步。相較其他很多領域,臺灣整個醫學界很父權很保守,但是精神科算是好一些,對同志、多元性別議題比較開放。這跟學術背景有關,很多關於同志的研究早年是在精神領域中做得最多,所以大家比較能夠接受。那時我要回金門服務還公費前,在台大醫院的最後一年,我跟當時我們的主任高淑芬教授提出想開同志諮詢門診的意願,她欣然同意,完全沒有阻力。但她希望我一直開下去,不要只是玩票性質、開一陣子而已,所以我答應她即使我回金門還是會回來繼續看這個診。」</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「這個門診開了五年多,我就是金門、台北這樣往返。真的沒什麼阻力,我們開一個新的門診尤其是比較特別的,是要進到精神科主治醫師的會議當中討論的,就我所知,會議中大家都贊成的這樣子,唯一有些討論的是門診的名稱。原本有想過要叫『同志友善門診』,後來覺得好像有點不妥,因為會顯得其他門診不友善一樣(笑)。台大精神科絕大部分的醫師都是同志友善,也許不見得每個都很熟悉同志議題,但都是對同志友善的,所以後來就以『功能』來做命名,叫『同志諮詢』門診。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">我當初擔心的是這個門診對醫院來說不但不賺錢,反倒會虧錢。臺灣的健保制度鼓勵醫師要衝量,而且醫生必須要能對醫院帶來多一些收益,但這個門診的經濟效益是非常低的。第一個是因為這個門診極少開藥,同志過來多半都是諮詢</span>psychosocial<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">社會心理的議題,裡頭有精神科診斷的其實是少數,大部分人沒有精神診斷。就算有</span>Gender
dysphoria<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">性別不安的診斷,也不需要開藥。再來,每個來的人都會談很久。我一天下來最多只能看二十個人,早上</span>9<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">點開始看,看到下午</span>5<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">、</span>6<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">點,看八、九個小時,我的診又在禮拜五,每次都超對不起護理師,因為別人都下班了,所有診都看完了,只剩我這個早上的診還沒看完,護理師得跟我一起加班。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">我覺得台大醫院的好處是,它是一個醫學中心,會講求各科要有一些特色門診,不是為了收益,而是能做一些特別的事、能夠有一些前瞻性。也因此我本來有點擔心這個門診會因為沒什麼經濟價值而被喊卡,但沒有,一路下來也沒有阻礙,很感謝有這個醫療環境。」</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">性別議題的前途以及性別運動圈內的各種爭議</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">下一個問題由徐醫師的個案豪哥提出:「第一,後續的選舉中,性別議題會不會被再拿出來炒作?比如說通姦除罪化的問題。第二,你如何看待性別圈內人價值不同或路線策略、政治立場的分歧造成的內耗?比如台北市長和全球同志線上遊行的事。」</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">徐醫師回答:「性別議題一百年後都還是有可能會在政治中被拿來炒作,但是『通姦除罪化』這個例子,大法官非常聰明。或許是因為經歷上次</span>748<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">號的爭議後學聰明了,</span>748<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">號留了兩年的時間讓立法機關立法,結果造成反同團體有乘機炒作的空間,所以這次</span>791<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">號的解釋,講得清楚一點,應該是通姦去刑事化,大法官的宣告是自公告即日開始生效,不像當初</span>748<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">號留了兩年。所以這個議題應該不太有機會再被拿出來公投或是炒作,因為大法官已經說得很明白了,即日起生效,過去還在審議中的案件則免訴,不再有刑事罪。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">第二個問題,如何看待性別圈內人強調的價值或路線不同所造成的內耗?這個問題我可以再講兩個小時,不過簡單說,不只性別運動,在各個運動中都會有路線之爭。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">有的時候我們也會對這個爭執很生氣,每個團體的做事風格不同,有的團體很沉穩,有的很衝,有的很了解整個局勢,能在縱橫捭闔中調和鼎鼐,有些操作得很粗糙。各式各樣的都有。大部分的團體都是有心人,當然也有少部分的團體或個人,只是利用這個運動來建立名聲。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">當一個運動越成熟、得到社會大眾越多的注意,分歧一定也會越多,例如像早年還只有同志熱線協會的時候,根本沒有人要理同志運動啊,我怎麼也不會想到同志運動可以熱鬧成這個樣子,那時候就是自己做自己的,當然相對單純,但也艱辛。現在的狀況是大家都注意到同志運動,連政治人物都知道他們要在這個議題上表態才能打中他們的受眾,可是無可避免的就是,運動一定會有分歧,各式各樣的人跟團體就是會出現。」</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">內耗可能是民主社會中的必須與必然</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">有沒有可能有人可以統一天下、大家都聽他的就好,讓運動往同一條路邁進、全都整合在一起?</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">徐醫師說:「在一個正常的民主社會中不太可能。民主社會中很多看似的內耗,都是養成民主體質必要的過程,雖然那個必要的過程很艱辛、讓人頭痛。太過強調統一運動路線或整合在某個共同的方向上,在現實上不太可行,因為我們沒有任何能力去操縱別的團體,只能更花心思去做很基礎的工作,包括私底下的溝通討論,或者是對民眾、對政治人物的溝通協調。這些都很繁瑣、很耗心力,可是如果不在這些基礎工作上努力,而只希望在檯面上能整合在一起,根本不可行。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">我們只能去找關鍵的政治人物,跟他們談為什麼團體會有這樣的分歧,去想比較有效能夠達到目標的方式,並且在這個過程當中儘量不要傷害到更弱勢的人,這個是很關鍵的事。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">為了某個目標奮力往前進、認為這個是最有效的成功方式的時候,其實某種程度是在犧牲更弱勢的人,現在許多運動都是這個樣子,尤其在性別運動中。性別運動中永遠有比男同志、女同志更弱勢的人,不管是更邊緣的性少數或是更經濟弱勢的族群。我可能很難精緻到針對每個時事去做評論,但是我覺得無法避免這樣的內耗,只能用更多的智慧讓這樣的內耗轉化成一個民主的成熟。我們無法讓所有人一下子就變得很有智慧、知道怎麼做最好。會消耗、會累、會有運動傷害是必然的。」</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">這樣我要怎樣教小孩?</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">另一個朋友提問:「我想要問一個小兒心理同性關係以及種族相關的問題。我的兒子</span>5<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">歲,他班上有個黑人小女生,小女生的家長是兩位白人男性。我要怎麼用小孩聽得懂的語言,跟小孩解釋這樣的家庭組合。」</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">徐醫師說:「確實是很難的問題,但那個關鍵的難在於,我不清楚這位提問人的五歲的兒子,他本身對這個家庭的想法如何。我們談兒童心理的時候,一般人會很快落入說我要怎麼樣跟兒童解釋某件事情,但其實有個前提是,要先聽聽看兒童對這件事的想法如何。他對這個家庭有誤解嗎?或他曾有什麼說法讓家長擔心、認為必須跟他解釋什麼?</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">有可能他根本對這個家庭覺得沒有什麼啊,她就是我同學,我跟她很好,我今天看到她的兩個白人爸爸,也不覺得有什麼。這種情況下連解釋都不見得需要解釋。所以要處理這個問題,可能要回到小孩子他自己觀察到的狀況如何。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在這邊我講一個比較概念性的知識。就兒童心理來講,五歲是一個對於性別還沒有太多刻板印象、但是即將要進入有刻板印象的時間點。大家回想一下,在幼稚園的時期,很多男生跟女生牽手是很自然的事,排路隊的時候小男生跟女生牽手,大家覺得好可愛。差不多六歲後,進入小學一年級,大家就會說男生跟女生牽手羞羞臉,開始有性別分野、性別刻板印象了。我們在看很多跟『性』有關的歧視、霸凌或刻板印象,基本上在幼稚園時期、六歲前都不會出現,但六歲以後,這方面的指數開始上升,一路到青少年時期就飆高,大概到十二、十三歲的時候,對於性方面的嘲弄、霸凌飆到最高;而小學時期,六到十二歲的時期就是一個持續往上升的曲線。這當然是社會建構出來的,社會開始在教他說,男女有別、男女授受不親,以及開始建構一些男生要陽剛、女生要陰柔的價值觀。五歲小孩的可塑性還很高,也許他看待這個家庭比大人還開放,所以不妨先聽聽看他對這個家庭有什麼評語,才能順著他的話去解釋這個家庭的形成。」</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">發問的朋友補充:「兒子說這個女生有兩個爸爸,問我她有幾個媽媽。」</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">不一樣的組合,一樣的愛</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">徐醫師說:「聽起來兒子問的問題滿簡單的,可以跟他說她沒有媽媽,但她有兩個爸爸在愛她。如果進一步延伸,可以告訴他,社會上有各種家庭,有的人有一個爸爸一個媽媽,有的人有兩個爸爸,有的人有兩個媽媽,有的人的爸爸媽媽跟他的膚色不一樣,有些人可能只有一個爸爸,或一個媽媽,有的人有一個很愛他的阿姨,有的人有一個很愛他的奶奶。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">可以藉機告訴小孩社會上有很多家庭組成的方式。更理想的狀況,像我喜歡帶到說,『不同的家庭,可以帶給小孩一樣的愛,或很多不同種類豐富的愛』。雖然我想達到這樣的目的,但我會再稍微忍一忍,聽到小孩在知道有不同的家庭後,他自己的反應是什麼、他自己對這些家庭有什麼評價,然後再引導他、再傳達自己的想法。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">也許他會有一些好奇的地方,可能講說這兩個爸爸帶小女孩出去玩的時候會玩什麼遊戲;可能會好奇,兩個爸爸有辦法帶著小女生玩陰柔的遊戲,比如辦家家酒嗎?如果這個家庭型態是兩個爸爸很愛玩辦家家酒、跟小女生玩得很愉快,那當然沒問題,也可能爸爸不會玩辦家家酒,小女生本身也不愛,她就是愛玩車子、機器人。聽到小孩對這個家庭的觀察後,我們就能有更進一步的機會教育,可以告訴他,的確不是全世界的小女生都愛玩辦家家酒,也有女生喜歡玩機器人,也不用猜想爸爸一定不懂得辦家家酒,也有很會玩辦家家酒的爸爸。」</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">主持人孟純接著說:「其實對家長來說最難的是先把自己的心境準備好,然後用開放的心胸來跟小孩討論這些性別、種族問題。家長本身也需要學習成長,才有辦法跟小孩討論。」</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">還有更弱勢的跨性別族群需要我們關心</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">接下來是</span>Hochou<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的提問:「第一,現在臺灣學校性別教育的現況如何?第二,臺灣的</span>Transgender<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,也就是跨性別議題,還有對他們的支持,是跟同志一起的嗎?還是分開?感覺在臺灣,關心跨性別議題的人比關心同志議題的要少。」</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">徐醫師:「很棒的問題耶!我們在這幾年在談婚姻平權,都知道臺灣能夠走到這一步,跟性別教育非常有關係,不只挺同團體知道,反同團體也知道,所以這是為什麼反同團體提了三個公投案,其中有兩個打擊同性婚姻,一個打擊性別教育。為什麼現在的年輕一輩、四十歲以下的人大都支持同性婚姻?是因為</span>2004<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年臺灣通過性別平等教育法,所以這一代的青年人都經歷過性別平等教育,所以對於同志、性別平等這件事有更開放的心胸。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">至於臺灣在學校裡性別教育的現況,有多很多面向可以談,一個是目前的教育部是重視這件事的,尤其是教育部部長是重視這件事的;可是第一線的教師很辛苦,因為反同團體還是在攻擊這件事。我們有性別平等教育法,學校老師應該要教,但是份量、比例如何,其實都可以再加強。尤其是跟性教育、性健康有關的內容,都可以再增加。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">我畢竟不是第一線的教育人員,但我聽到的狀況是,很多老師有心要教,但可能受到校長、家長會的反對,或不知道哪裡來的反同人士,以家長之名來反對。舉例來說,我們同志諮詢熱線協會的教育小組每年會到各級學校演講,大概從兩、三年前開始,我們受邀次數就大幅下降,好多老師都打電話進來跟我們講,我們每年邀請你,但是今年我們真的遭受到壓力,不敢再邀請你們。這些都是第一線很有心的老師,可是在教育現場,基層的他們真的沒辦法去主導這些事。好在教育部到目前為止還有守住,守住什麼呢?公投案其中有一個是反對同志教育嘛,那教育部就依循公投結果,既然不能在性別教育中提『同志教育』這樣的字眼,那就拆解開來,教同學們要尊重多元性別、不同的性別表現、性別氣質、性傾向。該教的還是要教。目前就處於這種很紛亂、還在戰國時代的狀況。臺灣很多事在很多前輩的努力下做得不錯,但這條路還是很艱辛,要不斷努力守成,然後希望能再持續前進。」</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">徐醫師繼續說道:「第二個問題也問得很棒。在國外很常見的是,跨性別運動跟同志運動常是切割開的,所以,相較之下同志諮詢熱線是一個非常詭異的存在,</span>LGBT<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的議題是同時關心的。我們有一個跨性別小組,會到各個小組去交流,教大家在工作時腦中要有跨性別的意識,避免把他們邊緣化或忽略掉。這對我們來說是理所當然、應該要做的事,可是我們跟國外團體交流時,他們覺得非常訝異,他們說,他們很多性別團體早就分崩離析,</span>LGBT<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">無法並存,男同性戀跟女同性戀無法在同一個團體中,跨性別更不用說,只好各自成立團體。所以很難得會見到</span>LGBT<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在同一個性別組織中,和平共存、互相滋養這麼久的,這也是我還滿珍惜熱線的原因。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">熱線也經歷一個過程,最早期的時候,廣告文宣都會忽略女同性戀,很多文宣就是男同性戀的思維。我們很努力去矯正這件事,在寫文案、設計活動的時候要去想到,同性戀是男、女同性戀都有的,也把雙性戀、各種性傾向的人包含進來。我們盡量努力讓所有義工和工作人員都有這個意識,跨性別也包含在內。當然還沒有做到很完美,很多時候當同性戀的議題被放到檯面上,跨性別議題彷彿矮了一截,這是我們很努力要避免的事,但是這種事還是可能會發生。所以回歸到剛剛那位朋友所提的問題,在熱線,我們希望大家一起關心,當然還是有分工,有專門的跨性別小組;在臺灣,有專門的跨性別團體,也有比較做同性戀相關運動的團體、比較不那麼了解跨性別的議題。換言之,有同志、跨性別一起做的,也有分開做的。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">提問人說跨性別議題好像很少被討論,的確是現實,我們對於跨性別的關心太不夠了。我自己臨床上很常做跨性別的議題,但還是覺得資源不夠,尤其來自公部門的資源太少。但這件事有沒有改善?我覺得有一些改善,包括各政府單位的性平處,像行政院性平處,都有一些有心的員工,希望能把跨性別議題好好的納進來。這幾年可能社會上還沒有明確感受到跨性別議題被重視,但是我們很常跟政府有互動、幫他們寫教材、教案,會感受到政府有努力在多做一些事。那這件事什麼時候會有成果、什麼時候能發酵,恐怕還要等好幾年。只能說跨性別議題有進展,但討論的熱度不如同志議題,還有很多要努力的地方。」</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">主持人孟純接續徐醫師的話,作了完美的結語:「在美國除跨性別議題外,還有種族議題,讓我想到在臺灣的原住民同志、新住民同志受到關心的程度不知如何。就像徐醫師講,即使我們在講同志議題,可能都還有更弱勢的人被我們忽略掉。不管是在臨床或從事社會運動,我們都很了解,很難顧到所有人,公部門、一般人,都需要一起努力。」</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">本場活動最後以大家開啟鏡頭合照作為結束。感謝主講人以及負責連線與直播的技術人員,也歡迎參與的朋友們持續關注匹茲堡哲五接下來的動態。</span><br />
<br />
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">文字: 李麗美</span></span> </span></div>
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Chiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15396393080234702748noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-596560882155774768.post-33021327312584745162020-06-13T20:00:00.000-04:002020-06-27T15:03:13.302-04:00後種族時代的破滅:黑人的命也是命、種族資本主義,與挾持在中美交戰間的亞裔<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">講者:劉文教授 </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"></span><br />
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">*Firefox 使用者請將 Facebook Container 設定為 "Allow Site" 即可觀看影片</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="oi732d6d ik7dh3pa d2edcug0 qv66sw1b c1et5uql a8c37x1j irj2b8pg enqfppq2 jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id" dir="auto">講義及參考資料</span></span>
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="oi732d6d ik7dh3pa d2edcug0 qv66sw1b c1et5uql a8c37x1j irj2b8pg enqfppq2 jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id" dir="auto"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1zxPvJsDMv2JGiSvlTTBo0YJzkphxln39/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">投影片</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="oi732d6d ik7dh3pa d2edcug0 qv66sw1b c1et5uql a8c37x1j irj2b8pg enqfppq2 jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id" dir="auto"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/19QBlo6cTV9msOEzqjYd8s1Uws3nmRVob/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">Complicity and Resistance: Asian American Body Politics in Black Lives Matter</a> by Wen Liu</span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="oi732d6d ik7dh3pa d2edcug0 qv66sw1b c1et5uql a8c37x1j irj2b8pg enqfppq2 jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id" dir="auto"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1IkkK0SCaSbGbGq-8YqGhGV4ImdZqInUK/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">The End of Black Politics</a> by Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor</span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="oi732d6d ik7dh3pa d2edcug0 qv66sw1b c1et5uql a8c37x1j irj2b8pg enqfppq2 jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id" dir="auto"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1cG8oEc4Pf8JI7lE1fTnGGxaNUhR1KIgc/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">The Prison Fix: Review of Gold Gulag </a>by Tony Platt</span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="oi732d6d ik7dh3pa d2edcug0 qv66sw1b c1et5uql a8c37x1j irj2b8pg enqfppq2 jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id" dir="auto"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bTO6H6MgYAg_zFXhAkCj874KFGQv74BQ/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration In the Age of Colorblindness</a> by Michelle Alexander</span></span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">與會者分享相關資料 </span>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" id="docs-internal-guid-56f63b4b-7fff-b900-cb60-4f79504ce2bc" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Prison Industrial
Complex</span></b></u><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"><a href="http://cup.columbia.edu/book/inside-private-prisons/9780231179706"><span style="color: #1155cc;">Inside Private Prisons: An American Dilemma in the
Age of Mass Incarceration</span></a> by Lauren-Brooke Eisen, Columbia
University Press </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">現行的學校到監獄一條龍</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"><a href="http://www.justicepolicy.org/news/8775"><span style="color: #1155cc;">The
School-to-Prison Pipeline, Explained </span></a>(Youtube)</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"><u>Asian American
perspective </u> </span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"><a href="https://medium.com/@XpertDemon/idsem-2029-black-power-yellow-peril-towards-a-politics-of-afro-asian-solidarity-3334dd26e075"><span style="color: #1155cc;">IDSEM 2029: Black Power, Yellow Peril: Towards a
Politics of Afro-Asian Solidarity by Professor Diane Wong, New York
University (syllabus)</span></a></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">「反對</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Affirmative Actions</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">因為黑人受益最多,排擠華人進入常春藤」這個論述,是違反事實的。根據統計:白人女性受益最多。參考</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"><a href="https://spia.uga.edu/faculty_pages/rbakker/pdfs/affirmativeAction.pdf"><span style="color: #1155cc;">J. Button et al. / The Social Science Journal 43 (2006)
297–302</span></a> </span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">關於現在講到的亞裔&黑人之間的矛盾(由白人造成的),可參考這篇文章:</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"><a href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/roof-koreans-meme-know-real-story_n_5ee110a1c5b6d5bafa5604f3"><span style="color: #1155cc;">The Real, Tragic Story Behind That ‘Roof Korean’
Meme You May Have Seen</span></a> by Brittany Wong</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">中英對照關於</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Black
Lives Matter Infographics: TaiwaneseAmerican.org </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">(持續更新)</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/CBLqHYQlQcb/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">六大訴求</span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/CBQkQQ_FVL5/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">目前訴求進度</span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/CBV0yj1FtZQ/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">什麼是特權</span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/CBgOsEHntD1/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">種族歧視的四個層次</span></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">中文資源「</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Black Lives Matter </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">小補帖」涵蓋原委、歷史脈絡、亞裔的角色、親子對話的建議等,供大家參考:</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"><a href="http://shorturl.at/dfuxC"><span style="color: #1155cc;">http://shorturl.at/dfuxC</span></a></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"><a href="https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/605371/minor-feelings-by-cathy-park-hong/"><span style="color: #1155cc;">Minor Feelings: An Asian American Reckoning</span></a>
by Cathy Park Hong, Penguin Random House </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"><a href="https://www.na-tsa.org/"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei";">北美台灣研究學會</span><span style="color: #1155cc;"> NATSA</span></a> 2020+1 </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">@</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">
UC Irvine </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">歡迎各位人社學徒們投稿</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Education</span></b></u><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">黑人與拉丁裔小孩在學校遭受的</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Policing</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">與歧視,推薦這本民族誌研究:</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"><a href="https://www.secondsale.com/i/punished-policing-the-lives-of-black-and-latino-boys/9780814776384?gclid=CjwKCAjw8pH3BRAXEiwA1pvMsZpdXRTtQWVyGpzdTvpDgsyB5z6J5CAOwMX7eBQeIFCxpbPogj85LRoCDs0QAvD_BwE"><span style="color: #1155cc;">Punished</span></a> by Victor M Rios, New York
University Press</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">目前的教育制度也是白人制定流傳下來的,所以對於不同文化、人種的並不是很適合的。</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">可以參考這本書</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">: </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://www.basicbooks.com/titles/beverly-daniel-tatum/why-are-all-the-black-kids-sitting-together-in-the-cafeteria/9781541616585/"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Why Are
All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria? </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "ms gothic"; font-size: 11.0pt;">
</span><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">And Other Conversations About Race</span></a></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-family: "ms gothic"; font-size: 11.0pt;">
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"> by
Beverly Daniel Tatum, Hachette Book Group</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Bias in Data</span></b></u><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"><a href="https://nyupress.org/9781479892822/the-rise-of-big-data-policing/"><span style="color: #1155cc;">The Rise of Big Data Policing</span></a> by Andrew
Guthrie Ferguson, New York University Press</span></li>
</ul>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">討論警察為了回應</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">BLM</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">如何引進所謂的「科學技術」</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Big Data</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">的方法,彷彿機器不是</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Racist</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">,但是這本書就是在講,</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Big Data</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">的技術如何讓警察越來越</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Racist</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"><a href="https://weaponsofmathdestructionbook.com/"><span style="color: #1155cc;">Weapons
of Math Destruction: How big data increases inequality and threatens
democracy</span></a> by Cathy O’Neil, Crown Random House</span></li>
</ul>
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<li><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"><a href="https://www.media.mit.edu/projects/gender-shades/updates/"><span style="color: #1155cc;">Gender Shades @ MIT Media lab </span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "pingfang tc" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=1684478514929106"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Video on
facebook </span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></li>
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<u><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">US Election</span></b></u><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PmieUrXwKCc"><span style="color: #1155cc;">Joe Biden campaign ad</span></a> (Youtube)</span><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/why-do-black-voters-support-biden-they-just-want-to-beat-trump/2019/05/31/74b37ca8-7b33-11e9-8ede-f4abf521ef17_story.html"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Why do
black voters support Biden? They just want to beat Trump</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"> By Theodore R. Johnson</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span>
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Chiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15396393080234702748noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-596560882155774768.post-79374785637621910822019-09-08T14:30:00.000-04:002019-10-07T06:29:53.804-04:00今日香港,明日台灣:香港反送中運動的啟示<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi44-A5gBW2fYD5ZUM6ZbIoUHw1IkBzFv58z6URHLFlcfzeecgJC6fBYnn9R15VAJXjEgEYwXYETrhKwB4RXnVB9q5BOm9ecSNAmotoWBapOXMNo5z6Tk1M3I3WbJUbnQoz9UcFZrT8419e/s1600/IMG_7569.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi44-A5gBW2fYD5ZUM6ZbIoUHw1IkBzFv58z6URHLFlcfzeecgJC6fBYnn9R15VAJXjEgEYwXYETrhKwB4RXnVB9q5BOm9ecSNAmotoWBapOXMNo5z6Tk1M3I3WbJUbnQoz9UcFZrT8419e/s640/IMG_7569.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><h3>
<b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei", sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">講者:波士頓香港人權組織</span></span></b></h3>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.04; text-indent: 24.5pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">為了確保本次活動能順利進行,不受干擾,哲五義工們在場地挑選、報名與報到方式、預防衝突等各方面格外慎重,準備得也特別充分,在現場還貼心預備了口罩給前來聽講的朋友們。感謝大夥的熱情參與,共同成就了這次交流。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.04; text-indent: 24.5pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">講者及其所屬「波士頓香港人權組織」成員尤其勇敢,過去每次公開活動,他們都必須全副武裝戴上安全帽和口罩,但這次在哲五面對大家的演講,他們決定拿下這些防身的工具,並開放線上直播,哪怕他們還有家人在香港、他們日後也都還是得回香港,但「知道自己做的事情是對的」的無愧,讓他們決定以真面目示人。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.04; text-indent: 24.5pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">本次演講,希望幫助大家瞭解香港從</span>6<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月延續至今的反送中運動的成因,以及為什麼這個運動會繼續下去;講者也想要解說自</span>97<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年香港主權移交中國後,北京政府如何一步步蠶食香港的核心價值。在臺灣同香港一樣都面對北京政府威脅的此刻,講者也帶領大家一起關心兩地的現況、發展及未來。</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">「今日香港、明日臺灣」怎麼來的?</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">這句話的源頭可以追溯到</span>2014<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年臺灣太陽花運動的時候。那時候臺灣政府想強行推過服貿協議,因為已有跟北京簽署了經濟貿易協議、在經濟上變得無比依賴中國的「香港」作為先例,運動中遂誕生了這句讓大家朗朗上口的口號,提醒大家注意簽署服貿的危險。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.04; text-indent: 24.5pt;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">太陽花運動的成功,成為香港新一代年輕人公民覺醒的契機之一。同年</span>9<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月,香港因為抗議北京政府片面決定的特區行政長官普選辦法,而爆發雨傘運動,香港人提出「今日臺灣、明日香港」的呼籲,希望香港成為臺灣,擁抱真正的民主自由,可惜當時的運動並沒有成功。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">到了現在作為延續雨傘運動的反送中運動裡,「今日香港、明日臺灣」再次響徹香港,其意義與當年已有些不同。講者表示,香港人這次很絕望,因為這是一個自由之城與不自由之國的抗爭,他們希望臺灣人可以對中國保有合理的警惕,不要成為下一個香港。臺灣現在仍是一個主權獨立的國家,有自主能力,要好好思考左邊鄰國用來招攬臺灣的「一國兩制」,它真正面貌是怎樣的、它真的可以維持民主跟自由嗎?</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">「反送中」運動因何興起?</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">中國跟英國在</span>1984<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年的時候簽署了中英聯合聲明,決定了</span>1997<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年移交香港主權。那個時候中方保證香港回歸之後,一國兩制,香港「高度自治」,「港人治港」,而且是「五十年不變」。可是,自從回歸之後,中國這個政權對香港的施政一直沒有辦法讓人滿意,在政策上有很多爭議,讓香港人對政府的信任一直下降。到最近,「逃犯條例修正草案」終於引發了長達三個月的騷動。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">整個條例要從去年(</span>2018<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)</span>2<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月在臺灣發生一起命案說起。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">那時陳同佳在臺灣殺害了他懷孕的女友後棄屍逃回香港,命案被揭發後,臺灣曾三次向香港提出司法互助,希望香港政府能遣送陳同佳至臺灣受審,不過雙方並無司法引渡協議,所以該請求未獲回應,導致該嫌犯雖在香港因洗錢罪受到判刑,他本人也承認殺人,卻未能因殺人一事受到任何審判。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">今年,香港政府在沒有事先知會的情況下啟動「逃犯條例修正草案」的立法程序。從講者為現場觀眾整理的「反送中運動」時間表可以知道,該條例一出現時香港就已經有很多人反對,也有不少的遊行集會,到了</span>6<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span>9<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">號時,更有</span>103<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬人站出來反對;無奈香港政府無視這些市民的聲音,執意要在</span>6<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span>12<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日進行草案二讀。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">香港市民為了阻止草案被強行通過,只好在立法會門外集會,試圖阻擋議員進入立法會,開啟了激烈的衝突。儘管政府於後宣布「暫緩」本草案,但香港人知道「暫緩」代表著政府隨時能重啟這個草案,並在一天之內突襲通過;加上</span>6<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span>15<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">號香港人梁凌杰身穿黃色雨衣,在市中心懸掛了反對修例標語後跳樓自殺,激發了廣大民眾的覺醒,</span>200<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬港人再次站出來遊行,要求「撤回」送中條例。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">遊行過後,香港政府仍堅持不願使用「撤回」這個字,一開始只說條例已經「壽終正寢」;於是抗議者、示威者只好讓他們的行動升級。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">迄今為止,至少有</span>9<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">人自殺,以死進諫;兩人失明,兩人被砍到重傷,超過</span>1100<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">人被捕,還有還有</span>100<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">多人被控暴動罪,而暴動罪會讓他們面臨最高</span>10<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年的監禁。而這些數字還沒有包括那些受傷、健康受損、逃亡中的人。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">警方至今用了超過</span>2300<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">發的催淚瓦斯、橡膠子彈,甚至開了</span>3<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">發子彈,大家亦聽聞警察活活打死示威者的消息。</span>9<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span>4<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">號香港政府終於宣布撤回整個修例,但講者指出,香港人已經無法再相信香港政府了,他們判斷港府無意回應港民訴求,只想降低來自國際的壓力,將此事拖過中國</span>10<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月的國慶,因此未到</span>10<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月中旬,都不能確保政府是否真的撤回這個條例、整個反送中運動的訴求,也不能說是成功的。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">不僅整個送中條例,而是條例背後香港政府干預司法獨立、剝奪人民言論自由的深層問題,是香港民眾無法再忍受的,正如同烏克蘭民眾在他們的革命中所說的:「如果我們接受</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">政府的條件,我們死去的朋友是不會原諒我們的。」</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">為什麼反對送中條例?</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">講者為在場的聽眾解釋,香港目前跟</span>19<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">個國家有逃犯移交的協議,但不適用於中國、澳門和臺灣,香港政府送中條例刪除了這些限制,並將移交逃犯的審議權力,從立法會移交到香港特首上。換言之,只要香港特首和法庭同意,就能把逃犯交給他國,包括中國。我們都知道香港特首由中國指派,其立場一定與中國一致,無法為香港民眾喉舌;送中條例裡,香港法庭亦無任何的調查權,只能依據中國政府或其他國家提供的證據去審核。整體而言,這份條例嚴重破獲了香港的司法獨立與無罪推定原則,假若通過,中國政府只要隨意捏造一些不實的證據,特首就能決定將任何人遣送中國,這就是為什麼這份條例一出會引發外界極大反對的主要原因。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">反對聲音不僅於香港民眾,臺灣的陸委會也表示不會同意中國政府以一個中國為前提的情況之下修改逃犯條例。西方國家亦相繼表示關切修法,擔心修法後會讓他們在香港的國民受到人身威脅、被移交到人權狀況極差的中國。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">講者說,條例一出,先不說香港民主派、法律界對此修例的反彈,連一向被視為很親中的香港商界裡的中資商人都跑出來說要反對這個修例,擔心修例會影響香港的經商環境。由於得不到親中,也就是建制派的支持,香港政府後來做作出一些讓步,剔除了一些商業罪行,而且規定只有最高刑期監禁七年及以上的罪行才能移交。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">為什麼香港人要反對送中條例呢?講者說明,追根究底是因為大家根本就不相信中國的司法制度以及人權。中國的司法是「小案看關係,中案看影響,大案看政治」;根據美國獨立機構「世界正義工程」(</span>World
Justice Project<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)發表的「全球法治指數報告」,中國排名第</span>82<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,細項中,人權保障排名</span>121<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,是倒數第</span>6<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">;而香港法治排名在全世界則是第</span>16<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,雙方差距明顯可見,中國的法治與人權狀況是世界公認的差。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在中國的現行體制下面,香港人習以為常的人權、法治、調查社會問題或追求公義都不是政府能接受的,不管是追求或提倡這些普世價值都有可能被中國以各種名義逮捕,成為政治犯。起草零八憲章的諾貝爾和平獎得主劉曉波、追查汶川大地震豆腐渣工程的譚作人,都被冠上煽動顛覆國家政權罪;毒奶受害者集體維權聯盟「結石寶寶之家」的發起人趙連海也被以尋釁滋事罪判處徒刑。</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">中國迫害人權的種種事跡</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">除了維權人士之外,中國人民也沒有憲法給予他們的權利與自由。大家都知道中國的網路有防火城牆,會監視人民使用</span>VPN<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,有大規模的網路言論審查,網路上有許多禁語。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">去年中共修憲取消國家主席任期不得超過兩屆的規定之後,「稱帝」、「習澤東」、「習維尼」、「個人崇拜」、「</span>1984<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">」、「動物農莊」,都無法在中國的網路上被搜索到,更不能在社交媒體發出。據說由「迪士尼中國」微博所發出的一張圖——</span><a href="https://img.ltn.com.tw/Upload/liveNews/BigPic/600_phpzEUn8U.jpg"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">小熊維尼擁抱著蜜蜂罐</span></a><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,並配有一句「找到你一樣你所鍾愛的事物,然後,永不放手」——讓中國國家主席習近平特別討厭。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">中國媒體在報導臺灣時,則不能出現「中央」、「國立」、「中華台北」這些詞,連「福爾摩沙」都是被禁止的;這種文字獄的現象越來越嚴重,像之前著名網路遊戲「還願」,則是被發現有</span><a href="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/660/cpsprodpb/176D8/production/_105806959_gamepic.png"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">習近平小熊維尼的素材</span></a><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,在今年</span>2<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月被下架,該遊戲工作室四年的心血毀於一旦;有美國</span>PTT<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">之稱的大型網路論壇「</span>Reddit<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">」受中國騰訊投資後,熱門的天安門照片也全部被消失。</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">臺灣人也被抓「送中」</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">香港部分,銅鑼灣書店股東及員工</span>5<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">人失蹤事件,是臺灣人很熟悉的案子。這</span>5<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">人包括桂民海、呂波、張志平、李波以及店長林榮基。他們相繼被證實遭中國當局控制、拘禁,其中擁有瑞典籍的桂民海,還發聲明強調自願被拘捕,並拒絕國際社會的關注。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">其他國家的公民同樣深受其害。尤其是臺灣人,像前幾年的李明哲、鍾鼎邦都在中國失蹤,</span>2018<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年台商蔣永新在曼谷也被中國的人抓走,最近屏東人李孟居因支持反送中活動也失蹤了。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">臺灣每年有</span>200<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬人到香港旅行,這個數字還沒有算進會在香港轉機的旅客。講者提醒在場的臺灣聽眾,送中條例通過後,任何臺灣人都可能因為在網路上的發言而在香港或機場被抓,然後送往中國受審。所以大家都非常確定送中條例不只對香港商人、記者、獨派人士、學者有影響,普通市民的安全、自由、法律權利都會受到威脅。</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">「反送中運動」在訴求什麼?
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">香港人在這次反送中運動中提出五大訴求:</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">一是撤回逃犯條例。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">二是收回暴動定義。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">三是成立獨立調查委員會,追究警方過份武力責任。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">四是不檢控,立即釋放被捕人士。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">五是重啟政改,立即實行雙普選。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">為了要求政府回應這五大訴求,香港人舉行了無數的和平集會,遊行和示威,可是香港政府根本不在乎這些近乎</span>3<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">分之</span>1<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">人口的吶喊,香港人只能以自己的安危、未來甚至性命來進行公民抗命,以爭取真正的民主、自由。但政府依舊不願意做出任何讓步,只會用武力來鎮壓人民,其中一個香港人民持續抗爭的原因就是警察的武力。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">講者一連給現場觀眾展示了多張血腥的照片,這些照片顯示:</span></div>
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1.<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">香港警察在和平集會的地方發射催淚彈進行清場,市民爭相走避差點造成人踩人的慘劇。</span></div>
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2.<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">警方濫用暴力的情況越來越嚴重。曾有一名手無寸鐵的少年問警員,你們的良心去哪裡了,之後就被警察爆打,打到滿頸鮮血。</span></div>
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3.<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">警方也近距離掃射在電梯旁準備要離開的民眾、近距離用利器插進示威者的眼睛、侵犯示威者;後來更傳出女性示威者被警察輪姦的傳言。</span></div>
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4.<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">也有監視器拍到,警察對被捕的老人家動用私刑。</span></div>
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5.<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">警方甚至與黑道聯手,在地鐵無差別攻擊、毆打手無寸鐵的民眾。</span></div>
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6.<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">記者、醫療人員也經常被警察羞辱。</span></div>
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7.<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">警方亦多次喬裝成示威者混進人群中逮捕前線的抗爭者或栽贓示威者夾帶攻擊性武器。</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">「和理非」與「勇武派」各自努力</span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">不過這些慘烈的遭遇、警方殘忍、高壓的對待,都未能讓香港人放棄。講者為聽眾解釋,抗爭者吸收了過去雨傘革命得到的教訓,以「去中心化、無領袖化、沒有大台」的形式持續至今。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(按:「大台」指「在集會等活動中的主要演講台,引申為社會運動中領軍的主辦團體。」)</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">香港版的</span>PTT<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,也就是連登討論區,則是整個活動的虛擬平台,只要有足夠的推,讓民眾認同你的想法,每個人都可以成為這場運動的領袖。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">而連登討論區上也聚集了很多「和理非」——和平、理性、非暴力——起源於</span>2014<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年的雨傘革命,以和平、理性、非暴力的不合作運動形式去佔領街道。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">這樣的精神,也傳承自印度聖雄甘地,不過他的這種方法只是讓印度人的公民意識覺醒,和平抗爭結束後每次都伴隨著暴力的衝突,最後,印度是靠著兵變才換來獨立。所以,在雨傘運動失敗後,香港民眾也終於明白和理非的抗爭不適用於這個不會順從民意的香港和中國極權政府。</span></div>
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2016<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年時香港爆發過一次叫「魚蛋革命」的嚴重警民衝突(按:「魚蛋革命」指「</span><a href="https://evchk.wikia.org/zh/wiki/%E9%AD%9A%E8%9B%8B%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">香港食環署及警察驅趕旺角無牌熟食小販而激發的一次騷亂</span></a><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">」),那時有數十名的示威者被捕,產生了「勇武派」這個概念。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">勇武派認為對付不民主、不順從民意的政府,唯一成功的方法,不單只是和平示威,而是必須在示威後設下死線,如果政府不回應的話,就發動暴力抗爭,使政府、社會受到影響,才有可能讓政府順應民意。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">和理非與勇武兩派的抗爭方法有很大差異,可是在這次的反送中運動中,大家都本著目標一致的理念,得出了「兄弟爬山,各自努力」的運動宗旨,「不分化,不分化,不篤灰,不割蓆,不譴責」。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(按:「篤灰」,指</span><a href="https://words.hk/zidin/%E7%AF%A4%E7%81%B0"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「告密、出賣」</span></a><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)(現場香港朋友補充:現在還有一個口號,就是「核爆也不割席、不絕交」。)</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">和理非與勇武派各自努力,各自投身他們熟悉的崗位上。抽不出時間來的上班族則有錢出錢,出資購買各式食物券、現金券,希望給前線抗爭者使用;醫療背景的人成立醫療小組;有美術設計能力者進行文化宣傳;連媽媽族、老人家都跑出來遊行了;民眾也集資在國際媒體上刊登廣告,爭取國際支持。而提供大家傳達理念、心情的連儂牆也遍地開花,更有諷刺香港警察把雷射筆形容為攻擊性武器的雷射筆觀星集會,還有在中元節在警署門外燒印有林鄭月娥畫像的紙錢,以及仿效「波羅的海之路」的「香港之路」等……充滿創意的抗爭方法。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">至於勇武派在付出大量代價後,也演化出「</span>Be water<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">」的特性,行雲流水,靈活變通。在面對警方的精良武力裝備,固守一地是不可能,所以勇武派遍地開花,而警方視民於無物,也激發出民眾保護勇武派的行動。雖然在實力懸殊的情況下許多勇武派人士被拘捕,但更多的香港人願意站上街頭,為香港出一份力。</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">香港人因何悲觀、絕望?</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">與此同時,香港也瀰漫著白色恐怖,年輕人被扣查,大量民眾因支持反送中運動被解雇,大學生會長因為購買觀星用的雷射筆被警方拘捕、攻擊,很多遊行召集人、異見人士被抓(例:陳浩天、黃之鋒、周庭、林朗彥、孫曉嵐、鄭松泰),許多香港民眾都說在街上看到警察會很害怕,感覺他們已經失去自由。而就在這兩天,香港發生了</span>4<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">宗浮屍案,</span>7<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">宗跳樓案件,引起民眾紛紛在</span>FB<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">上簽署了不自殺承諾書。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">到底香港的未來會怎麼樣呢?講者認為,大部分香港人對此都很悲觀,畢竟香港要面對的是一個會為了維護他們政權至高無上性而無所不用其極的集權政府。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">中國已經利用他們封閉的新聞媒體還有網路將香港的抗爭「港獨化」了。現在香港唯一有可能讓北京忌憚的,就是香港的國際金融地位,假如中共真的武力鎮壓香港,可能會導致國際社會制裁中國,造成美元和港元脫鉤,樓市、股市大跌,外資撤離香港、通貨膨脹等後果,甚至有可能引起中國、亞太區和新一輪的世界經濟危機。加上目前正在進行中的中美貿易戰,前景未明,或許都是中國目前尚未對香港採取解放軍鎮壓的原因。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">面對失信的政府、失控的警隊,香港人沒有退路。在絕望的情緒下,香港年輕人產生了「攬炒」(抱著一起死,同歸於盡)或是「焦土」(先破壞對對方有利的東西)的心態。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年輕人認為既然中共要用各種手段毀滅香港,不如他們主動出擊,現在就讓中共付出一些代價,跟香港一起淪亡,</span>If we
burn, you burn with us! <span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">也正如示威者在立法會柱子上噴漆:「是你教我們和平遊行是沒有用的」,當越演越烈的抗爭也沒有作用,講者強調,攬炒、焦土或許就是香港人唯一的出路。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「沒有暴徒,只有暴政」,為了屬於香港人的民主還有高度自治,香港人只能孤注一擲,光復香港,時代革命。</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">被親中派控制的香港政局</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">講者告訴大家,在反送中運動前,之前,香港的「民怨」其實已累積許久。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">香港自</span>1970<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年開始經歷了很多年的改革,依靠民眾的奮鬥成為亞洲四小龍之一;也以自由、民主、法治、專業廉潔的警隊與聆聽民意的政府等等的核心價值成為國際的著名城市。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">中國和英國經過長時間的談判,決定於</span>1997<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年進行主權移交,但根據香港革新會在</span>1982<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年做的電話調查,有</span>70%<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的港人希望香港維持現狀,保持英國殖民地的身份,只有</span>4%<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的人想要中國收回香港,可見大部分香港人不想被回歸中國。無奈中、英兩國政府都沒有諮詢香港人對香港前途的看法,造成香港人被漠視,讓港人與中國人之間的不信任與矛盾日漸加深,更別說香港人在</span>1989<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年在電視上看到中共對天安門事件的血腥鎮壓,讓香港人更加恐懼中國政府。從最新的民調也可看出,香港人對中國政府有多麼的不信任。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">講者引述</span>6<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span>23<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">號香港大學民意研究計畫所做的調查,有</span>53%<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的民眾自稱是香港人,創出了政權移交後的新高;而自稱是中國人的只有</span>11%<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。在</span>18<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">至</span>29<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">歲的年齡層裡,更是只有少於</span>0.3%<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的人覺得自己是中國人。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">香港人對「一國兩制」的信心基本上更是往絕望走:主權移交時有</span>64%<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的港人有信心,但自從</span>09<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年開始,香港人對一國兩制的信心就持續下跌。在最近</span>8<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span>20<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">號做的調查裡,仍有信心的民眾已跌到歷史新低</span>34%<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,沒有信心的民眾則升到</span>62%<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">為什麼香港人對一國兩制越來越不信任?他們為什麼絕望?講者為大家說明香港遭中國把持的政治制度。</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">香港有選舉,但香港人有真正的投票權嗎?</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">目前香港的特首並不是香港人一人一票選出來的,而是由一個</span>1200<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">人的「選舉委員會」提名,然後投票選出人選,之後交給北京政府任命,換言之,是「小圈子選舉」。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">該「選舉委員會」本來就缺乏代表性,因為全香港有</span>740<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬人,裡面只有</span>20<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬人有資格投票選舉出「選舉委員會」的委員,而委員的名額也不是平均分配的。雖然分成四大不同的界別,可是不同界別、組別的委員名額數目、選民的基礎數量相差非常大,根本沒有準則可言。(按:若有意瞭解詳情可參見</span><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83_(%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF)"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">維基百科條目</span></a><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。)</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">一個很好的例子就是代表中小學教師的教育界裡有</span>7<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬多人有權投票,可選出</span>30<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">個選舉委員;可是與此同時,漁農界只有</span>154<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">人有權投票,卻能選出</span>60<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">個選舉委員。無論是從人數、經濟或社會角度出發,都很難解釋為什麼這個選舉委員會的席位的分配如此不公。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">此外,誰能成為不同組別的投票人也是沒有準則的,以這屆特首林鄭月娥的當選為例,她的當選也打破了特區成立以來的共識。以前的共識是每個特首的當選人是最受民眾支持的候選人,可是</span>2017<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年特首選舉前所做的一個「民間全民投票結果」,另一位候選人曾俊華得到的支持度,遠超過林鄭月娥。也就是說,</span>2017<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年的特首選舉結果根本違反了民意,所以被稱為假選舉。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">講者演講至此,有觀眾提問,為何林鄭月娥不受歡迎,現場則有來自香港的幾位觀眾細數她的種種劣跡,包括任發展局局長期間不顧民意拆除天星碼頭、不懂怎麼搭地鐵。雨傘革命時,林鄭月娥擔任政務司司長,跟</span>5<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">個帶領活動的年輕人開會、拍照,後來照片中的</span>5<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">個年輕人</span>4<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">個被抓——而這也是這次反送中運動中為什麼沒有「大台」(領袖)的原因。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">講者也補充,有些住得比較偏遠的香港民眾邀請林鄭月娥進行訪視,遭林鄭月娥拒絕。此外,她擔任香港公務員三、四十年間,有很多出爾反爾的紀錄,給香港人留下很差的印象,認為她無法相信。曾俊華並不是一個很靠近民意的候選人,對香港也不是很懂,但林鄭月娥更離譜。曾俊華的公關形象經營得很好,宣傳片也拍得很好,所以選舉前他的民意勝過林鄭月娥。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">兩位現場觀眾補充,曾俊華的太太是波士頓的華人,他大學是讀</span>MIT<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的,住過波士頓,後來才帶著太太、小孩回香港。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">接著,講者回到主題,繼續分析香港政局受中共控制的情況。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">不僅特首選舉,香港的立法機關「立法會」也是由親中派(又稱「建制派」)所把持。</span>70<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">名立法議員,</span>35<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">席由地區直選,香港民眾一人一票選出;另外</span>35<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">席由功能界別產出。功能界別的劃分跟選民界定法跟前面所講的「選舉委員會」的委員選舉方式是差不多的,席次多由親中的建制派把持。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">以</span>2016<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年的立法會選舉為例,建制陣營在地區直選的得票數為</span>87<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬票,佔全部票數的</span>40<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">%,非建制陣營有</span>119<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬票,大概佔總投票人數</span>55%<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,建制陣營佔了</span>16<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">席,非建制陣營</span>19<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">席。若加上功能界別的席位後,建制陣營佔到</span>40<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">席,非建制陣營只佔到</span>29<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">席,中間派的</span>1<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">席。所以一項法案無論多不受民眾歡迎,建制派也有足夠票數能在立法會裡強行通過,選民發現立法會不能真正的議政,政府也發現他們根本不用跟所有議員建立良性互動,只要通過利益輸送穩住建制陣營,就能通過他們想要通過的法案。立法會因此失去了審議的作用。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">如果行政、立法、司法三權分立,就能互相制衡,但香港的現況就是這三者狼狽為奸。為何五大訴求中有一項「雙普選」?因為若要回到三權分立的局面,就只能依靠「雙普選」,即直選特首和所有立法會的議員,如此才能讓香港政府真正為香港人民服務,懂得向中共說不。</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">反送中運動何以能持續三個月至今?數不盡的民怨!</span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">講者接著透過大量照片,提醒觀眾再次回到反送中運動。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">本來香港警察曾被稱為亞洲最精良的部隊,今日卻淪為過街老鼠,被香港人唾棄。他們的暴行罄竹難書。從</span>2014<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年的雨傘運動起,香港警察的工作已經由維持治安變成政治維穩。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">雖然香港基本法保障香港人擁有遊行集會的自由,可是近年香港政府對遊行集會的管理越來越嚴格,甚至被批評為踐踏人權,雨傘運動中警察的表現益加背離公眾期望,徹底改變了警察的公共形象。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在</span>2014<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span>10<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span>3<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日有大批自稱反對雨傘運動的民眾,但其實是由中國政府相關人員雇用的黑道到旺角包圍和攻擊示威者。當時有一些支持佔領者的人被打到頭破血流,警方卻沒有嚴陣執法,反而護送這些黑道離開。最後,也沒有任何一個黑道成員被追究責任。濫用權力已經變成香港警察的主要形象。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">現在的香港警察的拘捕對象,又從與政府政見不同的人延伸到其他人,如路人、街坊、記者、遊客。警察還用「蟑螂」去矮化、物化示威者、抗爭者,講者強調,這種將抗爭者去人化的手段正是納粹人對猶太人種族滅絕的第一步。在犯罪心理學裡,大部分的殺人犯也都認為其他人並不是人類,所以他們傷害人時並沒有任何不安或罪惡感。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">香港警察這種知法犯法的嚴重行為,主要來自於香港政府行政獨大,可以無上限的賦予警察很多權力。香港政府表示他們是為了修補被抗爭者破壞的法治,才逐漸釋放權力容許警察對示威者做出一些違反人權的暴力手段,可是越來越多警員隱藏他們的編號和委任證,等於政府默許警察違反警察條例。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">本來應該覆檢民眾投訴警察行為的「監警會」,更指出這種隱藏警員編號的行為是為了讓警察行動時沒有後顧之憂,警方高層甚至表示警察沒有做錯、稱讚那些暴力對待抗爭者的警察維護了社會安寧、守護了正義。</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">香港法治已死</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">香港人除了對政治制度和警察不滿之外,也質疑香港的法治已死。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">法治是香港成功的基石,但法治並不是單純遵循法律,「公義」才是法治中最根本的理念。香港的法律已經過時了,並不能跟上時代的需要,像是關於暴動罪的條文跟刑期仍然停留在</span>1970<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年代。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在現今進步的國際中,香港的暴動罪的刑罰是最重的,定義也是最模糊的,香港法律規定只要有超過</span>3<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">人集結在一起並且破壞社會安寧,就是暴動。可是到底什麼是「破壞社會安寧」又什麼叫「集結」呢?在香港這個人口密集的地方,你要如何界定現場民眾是參與了暴動集會、還是單純路過?</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">警方在執行公務的時候犯法,只被控以有意圖而導致身體受嚴重傷害罪,而非刑期更重的酷刑罪,也不禁讓香港民眾輿論質疑法院、檢察官是否偏頗警方。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">這些事情都打破香港人對法治的認知。第</span>5<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">次人大(中華人民共和國全國人民代表大會常務委員會)釋法更是直接毀滅了香港的法治。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">前面</span>4<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">次釋法已經讓香港人對中共相當不信任,第</span>5<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">次釋法更規定香港的公職人員必須依法真誠的方式宣示擁護基本法和效忠中華人民共和國香港特別行政區,直接導致</span>6<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">位民選議員失去資格。釋法又將議員的宣示是否真誠交由政府委任的秘書長去判決,變成只要稍稍有點激進的參選人都直接被政府取消參選資格,連參選都不能參選。由此可以確定,中共為了加強對香港的控制已無所不用其極。每當香港有爭議性的問題時,中共都會毫無疑問,馬上用釋法來做出對他們有利的決定。</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">行政、立法、司法都是政府的人,怎麼跟政府鬥?</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">而香港的一切刑事案件,都由律政司司長決定證據是否充足,取證則由警方負責。警方選擇性執法,律政司選擇性控告,法官又是由行政長官任命,法律由人大來詮釋,就像周星馳的電影《少林足球》中所言:「裁判、球證、旁證都是我的人,你怎麼跟我鬥呢?」香港人再也無法說出香港是一個司法獨立的城市。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">很多人會質疑香港人,說:「以前英國有給過你們民主嗎?你們可以選自己想要的港督嗎?」來批評香港人現在的抗爭,但其實</span>1997<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年以前香港雖沒有絕對的民主,但有良好的管治,自從</span>1967<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年的暴動之後,英國殖民政府就常常調整政策,配合與時俱進的法律條文、法制制度,讓香港人看得見政府是會為香港人謀求福利,以及香港是高度自治的;歷任港督也沒有什麼違法、失德的醜聞,港英政府也有足夠的管道廣納香港民意,讓人民發表意見。現在的香港則</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">存在許多中國管治所帶的問題以及矛盾,像是:</span><span style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">單程證:指中國發給有港澳親屬的中國人移民至港澳的許可。</span>1982<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年港英政府與中國政府達成協議,移民數量每日</span>75<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">個,但回歸後這個數目不斷上升,暴增到現在每日</span>150<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">個。根據一國兩制的原則,香港特區應該有權審核誰可以入境、移民到香港,可是過去香港政府一直都沒有向中國爭取這項權力。根據統計,</span>97<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年後已有超過</span>105<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬來自中國的人獲得了香港的身份。按最新的香港人口統計,香港現在大概有</span>740<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬人,當中已經有大概</span>7<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">分</span>1<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的人口是藉由這種方式移民來的。</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">*<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">自由行:從中國來的旅遊人口帶給香港的利益並沒有平均分配,得利者都是大型商家或地產商。普通市民並沒有發大財的機會</span><span lang="ZH-TW"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,他們只能承受自由行帶來的惡果,如環境很擁擠,物價高漲,奶粉、醫療、學位的供應都很吃緊等等的問題。這也是為什麼香港爆發了許多次反自由行、反水貨客的示威,更不要說自由行的經濟利益只佔香港</span>GDP<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的</span>1.3%<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。自由行也讓香港的產業變得非常單一化,讓很多有特色的小店都漸漸消失。街上遍佈的都是大型的藥妝店、金店、名牌店,影響了普通人的生活。香港的樓價更因為人口激增、中國投機客來港炒樓而漲到讓人民絕望,樓價已經是連續第</span>9<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年全球最難負擔,必須不吃不喝</span>21<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年才能成功買樓。飲用水方面,香港其實是用很高的價錢向廣東買水,可是卻要忍受中國彷彿賜予香港大恩大德的嘴臉。</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">*<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">護旗手:中國是一個擁有</span>14<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">億人口的市場,想要發大財的商家、藝人或文化界人士,都只有支持中國政府才能獲得機會,他們甚至會為了中國市場而主動成為中國的護旗手,向人民幣下跪,為了金錢放棄他們的良知。</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">*<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">紅媒:香港最大的電視台是中共政權的手中之物,各種報紙也被染紅,成為中共的喉舌,對香港進行洗腦。(現場有觀眾詢問,香港還有沒有較不受中國控制的媒體?講者與香港觀眾表示,紙媒方面,大概尚有《蘋果日報》、《信報》、《明報》;電子媒體則有《立場新聞》、《獨立媒體》。)</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">*<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">送地予駐港解放軍:反送中運動期間,香港政府把香港其中一塊地價最高的中環海濱送給中共解放軍當駐地。</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 42.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-char-indent-count: -1.19; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.35gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -14.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">*<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在香港各地設立監控燈柱,作為未來推動社會信用(評分)制度的準備。</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 42.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-char-indent-count: -1.19; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.35gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -14.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">*<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">為了加速中港融合,嘗試消滅廣東話,不讓學生在學校內講廣東話。</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 42.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-char-indent-count: -1.19; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.35gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -14.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">*<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">各種貪污問題層出不窮。</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">*<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">各種民眾用不上的基礎建設項目嚴重超支,施工質量低下,讓人不禁聯想是否刻意輸送利益給中國建商。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">這些事情都是以前港英時期從來沒有發生過的。這些民生困局政府無法改善,民眾自然把實現社會公義的希望投射在政治改革裡。香港人一直避免暴力,但當政府完全不接受民意時,暴力抗爭或許就是唯一的出路。雨傘革命留下的精神,使得這場反送中運動越來越大,香港人可說是放手一搏,五大訴求,缺一不可。</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">省思臺灣目前的處境</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">臺灣作為一個主權獨立的國家,經歷過</span>228<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">事件、多年戒嚴、白色恐怖時期,才得到今日所擁有的民主自由,但中國漸漸崛起,更以「臺灣自古以來就是中國的一部分」和血脈相連為由,一直以各種方法染指臺灣的內政和外交。</span></div>
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1981<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年鄧小平提出「一國兩制」的構想,希望誘使臺灣政府和臺灣人回歸祖國,之後還有「</span>92<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">共識」——儘管</span>92<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">根本沒有任何共識,但中國政府仍堅持要臺灣承認「兩岸同屬一個中國」。蔡英文總統拒絕</span>92<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">共識,中國政府便在各方面明顯或暗中向臺灣施壓、控制臺灣輿論,在外交上孤立臺灣,用金錢改變臺灣的邦交國對臺灣的承認。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.1; text-indent: .35in;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">臺灣的邦交國在</span>1969<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年時有</span>70<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">個,但</span>1979<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年美國斷絕與臺灣的正式外交關係,臺灣的國際地位大降,加上中國一次又一次用利益誘惑各國,讓臺灣在國際社會中得到的支持越來越少,目前為止臺灣只剩</span>17<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">個邦交國。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">除了用金錢買走臺灣的邦交國外,中國也一直阻礙臺灣加入國際組織,威脅其他國家不能幫助臺灣。以世界衛生大會為例,縱使已經有許多國家呼籲要邀請臺灣參加,但因中國政府阻撓,臺灣已連續</span>3<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年未能獲邀出席。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">中國還用他們龐大的市場做誘惑,迫使商家、企業遵守一中原則。今年</span>1<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月萬豪酒店在一份問卷中列臺灣為國家引起風波,雖然他們再三公開道歉,可是仍遭到中國官方的約談和懲罰。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">之後很多國際公司像是</span>zara<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">、無印良品,都被中國官方點名沒有遵守一中原則。去年</span>4<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月,中國民航局發出通知,要求</span>44<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">家航空公司修改他們網站上對臺灣、香港和澳門的歸類,要求把臺灣列到中國之下。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">最近香港的反送中運動也造成了手搖店「一芳各表」的事件,風波越滾越大,中國網友開始在網路上對其他臺灣的飲料店獵巫,挑出飲料店有台獨、港獨嫌疑的言論,讓許多飲料店紛紛表態支持一中原則。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">此外,中國也一直以軍事形式恐嚇臺灣,曾表示「美國軍艦抵達高雄之時,就是我解放軍武力統一臺灣之時」;今年</span>3<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月中共的戰機還飛越臺灣海峽中線,表明不放棄武統臺灣。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">經濟方面,</span>8<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span>1<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日起暫停</span>47<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">個城市來台自由行,減少來臺遊客數量,明顯要從臺灣旅遊業下手打擊臺灣經濟,希望製造臺灣民眾恐慌,影響明年的總統大選。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">和香港一樣,中共也透過媒體一步一步的要染紅臺灣、進行統戰。現在接受中共資助、被親中人士買走的紅媒,中視、中時、中天同屬旺旺集團。</span>6<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span>23<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日,時代力量的黃國昌、館長陳之漢舉行了拒絕紅媒的集會,從隔天的</span><a href="https://pbs.twimg.com/media/D9yXH6lU4AAQ4nn.jpg">4<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">份媒體頭版報導</span></a><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,其實就很容易看出誰是紅媒。</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">2020<span lang="ZH-TW">年臺灣總統大選的重要性</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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2020<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年的總統大選就快到了,國民黨主張跟中國簽署兩岸和平協議。可是根據</span><a href="https://img.ltn.com.tw/Upload/liveNews/BigPic/600_phpkNVMFU.png"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">網友整理的資料</span></a><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,跟中國簽署和平協議的內蒙古、新疆、西藏都沒有好下場,不是被血腥鎮壓就是被種族清洗,國民黨也在</span>1923<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">和</span>1949<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年時跟中共簽過和平協議,最後丟了整個中國,讓人不禁想問他們:到底為什麼現在還要再簽和平協議?更重要的是,如果臺灣跟中國簽和平協議,臺灣問題就會變成中國內政問題,沒有任何國家能插手。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">除了要在選舉上爭一口氣外,臺灣也應要在經濟上更獨立。目前臺灣出口業有</span>4<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">分之</span>1<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的貨物靠中國買單,當然不是說臺灣的經濟很脆弱、失去中國市場就不能生存,但恐怕臺灣的經濟還是太過依賴中國,所以才一而再再而三發生臺灣的商家要被迫承認</span>92<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">共識的事件。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">如何成功轉型是臺灣的業者需要努力的目標,像臺灣的旅遊業就是一個非常好的轉型例子。</span>2016<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年蔡英文總統上任後赴臺陸客明顯減少,其他國家赴臺旅客不斷上升,</span>2018<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年赴臺陸客創下新低,同年總旅客人數,卻能比</span>2017<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年增加</span>33<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬人,成長</span>3.05%<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。如何讓其他產業也變得更多元化,讓商家和國民不用害怕被威脅,是臺灣政府和民眾需要一起思考的議題。</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">香港人給臺灣人的話</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">演講最後,講者感性的表示,臺灣其實比他們香港人想得還要美,還要獨立,而臺灣人也比他們記憶中可愛。「今日香港,明日臺灣」,短期內看起來不會發生,他們相信隨著時間的前進,覺醒的臺灣人會越來越多。香港已死,現在的香港已不再是他們香港人熟悉的香港,對香港的未來他們已無法樂觀。臺灣雖然還是有很多問題,但相信這些問題還是能一步一步解決,面對</span>2020<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年的總統大選,重要的不是臺灣選擇誰,選對人固然很重要,但更重要的是希望臺灣人能關心時事,小心求證所收到的訊息,保持獨立思考;在面對不公義時要勇敢站出來;保持對左邊鄰國的戒心,不要過份依賴它的市場,才能在他們的金錢攻勢下保有自己的獨立性,建立自己獨有的核心價值,並誓死捍衛它們。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">總而言之,希望臺灣的朋友們站在香港的屍體上,思考自己想要怎樣的未來。</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">講者與觀眾交流時間</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Q</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:香港反送中運動現在分成和理非與勇武兩派,執行時雙方如何做到不互相指責、不被分化?在面對中國人的叫囂和中國政府的暴行,你們又是如何克服自己的恐懼站出來?</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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A<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:互相指責的現象其實從連登討論區可以看出來一直有在發生,可是每次都會有人會把這句「兄弟爬山,各自努力,不分化,不分化,不篤灰,不割蓆,不譴責」的話貼出來提醒大家要互相支持。大家都會發洩情緒,但看到這句話都會停下來想一想,知道不能分化。之前提倡大三罷(罷工、霸學、霸道)提倡了一段時間,和理非派終於成功做到號召大家罷工了,罷工那天有些人卻去擋住地鐵,跑去圍住警署,把那天的焦點轉移了,讓媒體報導的目標都放在包圍警署這件事上,導致大三罷被忽視了,討論區上就能見到部分很努力、好不容易罷工的人的不滿。但大家還是收拾心情,再接再厲。之後的大遊行那天,勇武派就先暫停任何的前線抗爭,讓那天變成和理非的主場。這是一個很好的例子,在網上互相交流意見,尊重對方的活動。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">關於處理自己的恐懼這個問題,像今天,在這個演講是否要網路直播、我是否要戴口罩這個問題上掙扎很久。後來我最後決定不戴口罩的原因,一個是因為戴口罩會影響講話,第二個是我後來有想清楚,我知道我現在做的事情是沒有錯的。或許有一天,應該說,我知道我之後不能再去中國,可是我知道我現在做的是情是對的,所以我願意堅持做下去。</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Q</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:長期而言,「真普選」能達到目標嗎?是否終要碰觸到主權問題?</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(現場香港觀眾代答:五大訴求達到後,香港的未來還是有希望的。現在是很沒希望的。)</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Q</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:「</span>50</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年不變」眼看剩</span>20</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,</span>20</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年之後,「不變」不存在後,香港會怎樣?</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(現場香港觀眾代答:所以希望真普選。現在中國都把香港不要的塞給香港,希望有行政長官代表香港說話。)</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Q</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:</span>97</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">後香港有</span>7</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">分之</span>1</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">人口來自中國,那「真普選」還有意義嗎?</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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A<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:真的很難,因為我們無法查證移民來香港的人是否真心認同香港。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(現場有觀眾鼓勵大家打電話、寫郵件呼籲所屬地區議員支持通過美國國會正在推動的「香港人權及民主法案」。)</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Q</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:一直有香港警察假裝成示威者,示威者如何做到不懷疑彼此?</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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A<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:每群示威者大都是認識的朋友,會分成小組。</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Q</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:國際支援有希望嗎?</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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A<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:不知能否成功,但還是要做。增加文字宣傳,在世界各地舉辦示威與支援活動。</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Q</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:(網路提問)一般民眾對「台獨」有著或多或少的反射性的恐懼,導致社會運動總有要撇清台獨的必要,把場景拉到香港,許多運動人士仍覺得有必要持續聲明活動「並非支持」港獨,甚至是說活動「不支持」港獨。請問,「港獨」是否也是香港人的緊箍咒呢?</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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A<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:現在還沒想到那麼遠。我沒辦法代表所有香港人,只能說港不港獨是兩個不同的方向,如果現在連五大訴求都爭取不到,那「港獨」就更難吧。</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Q</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:連登討論區有無被散佈假消息?如何分辨?有無可能整個討論區被關掉?</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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A<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:每天都有假消息,很多,只能盡力查證。連登討論區</span>8<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span>31<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">號就被中國攻擊,完全上不去,因為當天有一個</span>170<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬人的遊行。不過聽說討論機主機在國外,所以應該不會有被關的危險。(現場香港觀眾補充:臺灣人的文章如果不希望中國人看懂,會用注音符號寫;香港人最近也有類似的做法,就是用英文拼廣東話,搞得香港人自己也看不懂,可是就是一種辦法。)</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Q</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:現在運動分為和理非與勇武兩派,那如果解放軍來,你們會有什麼想法或準備?</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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A<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:那就回家睡覺吧,沒有想很多。但如果真的有這麼一天,相信和理非的人也會站出來。迄今香港</span>1100<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">多人被捕,每天還是有人站出來,和理非派會慢慢變成勇武派。(現場香港觀眾補充:如果解放軍真的進來香港,我想所有人都會變成勇武派。</span>8<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月</span>31<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">號後,警察都打和理非的民眾,逼得許多人越來越勇武。)</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Q</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:無條件釋放示威者是否違反法治精神?</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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A<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:無法分辨暴力者的動機,所以只能先做這樣的訴求。(現場觀眾補充:若能成立獨立調查委員會,這個委員會不只調查警察,也能調查暴力者。)</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Q</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:香港對法院的信任還有嗎?</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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A<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:香港人對法院的信任是漸漸消失了。雨傘革命時被逮捕的人全部被判刑,香港的法院、法官是不認同「公民抗命」這個觀念的。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(現場的觀眾建議可向聯合國投訴香港警察。另一位來自香港的觀眾則言:也有警察、公務員亮出自己的服務證和編號,表示支持市民,所以大家不用絕望。另一位觀眾補充:許多老伯伯穿著背心巡街、保護年輕人,不是說香港人多團結,而是每星期都有新事件逼得香港人不得不團結。)</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Q</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:很多中國人以為港人爭的是「港獨」,在此情形下你們還會跟中國朋友溝通你們的訴求嗎?</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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A<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "pmingliu" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:如果他們好奇,會嘗試解釋,因為中國人也不是自願成為那樣的人。但不會主動聊這麼敏感的話題,會注意他們的人身安全。</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption">與會合影</td></tr>
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<o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "pmingliu" , serif; text-indent: -19.45pt;">文摘、攝影:哲五義工群</span></div>
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Chiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15396393080234702748noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-596560882155774768.post-50111899864341445332019-07-14T14:00:00.000-04:002019-10-20T21:51:36.674-04:00Audiometry and Environmental Noise Control in Postwar Taiwan<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Speaker: Dr. Jennifer Hsieh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Noise
control may sound like a very scientific and technical issue, but Jennifer, as
an anthropologist, is interested in the process of how the measurement and perception
of ‘noise’ have grown and formed from the transitio<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a>ning
Taiwanese society. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Discourse
of noise <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">“Noise”
is much more than a subject of scientific interest. As early as in the Japanese
colonial period, it is put in a discourse relating to politics, medicine and
environment. A newspaper clipping from 1932 describes some Japanese students’
response to the sounds of bells coming from tofu vendors early in the morning.
It shows a difference in the perception of noise between the Japanese and the Taiwanese
people. In 1935, Dr. Fuji is the first to start measuring sound level on the
street with modern device, making Taipei the third city in Japan territory to
have noise measured scientifically. Under KMT ruling, noise in Taiwan is seen
as a national embarrassment. A commentator <span lang="ZH-TW">何凡</span> wrote on <span lang="ZH-TW">聯合報</span> that Taiwan’s noise problem is
harming the progress of civilization, and regulation is needed as a solution.
Noise is also correlated with enjoyment of freedom--too much freedom causes too
much noise--as a result people can hit the horn whenever they want. Dr. <span lang="ZH-TW">王老得</span>, a specialist in children’s hearing
development, looks at noise from a public health perspective. He takes a survey
of 23,000 pupils, and finds that the peak age of hearing loss is at middle
school for reason that students of that age have the heaviest workload and
stress at school. He does not see the illness problem coming from the noise of
the environment generally.</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Noise
and the state-building project <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Keeping
up with global trend, the Taiwan government <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>commits to responding to people’s needs, and the
result is the unique complaint system. Responding to noise becomes part of a
state-building project after the death of Chiang Kai-shek, when the Taiwanese
society begins to experience incremental democratization under the ruling of
Chiang Ching-kuo. According to one Gallup’s polling, noise becomes the no. 1
annoyance for the Taiwanese, and this marks the starting point for the KMT
government to regulate the noise to meet people’s need. Democracy is seen as
the new global trend, and to value the feeling of the people is one step to
align with it. “Listen to the people,” as it literally suggests, is to listen
to and then regulate the noises. The government launches systematic noise
measurement both in areas like Taipei central train station and Shi-men-ting,
establishing noise threshold of 75 decibel, and begins education programs to
reduce noise in a top-down manner.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Noise
control and Taiwan’s democratic transition<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The
complaint system to respond to noise becomes a unique Taiwanese social life.
The system is based on urban planning which designates different noise
limitations to each of the four zones, i.e. residential area versus commercial
area. One the one hand, noise problem is seen as a technical problem that is
measured against decibels. On the other, the enforcement of the noise zoning
relies upon a complaint system initiated by ordinary citizens. Once you notice
a noise annoyance, you can file an anonymous complaint and have EPA officers to
come into your home for inspection. About 90% of the complaints fail to go
through, but the complaint system brings people to engage in the regulation
system in a democratic way. Compared with the U.S. model in which the
government intervenes private noise design preemptively from the construction
phase, the Taiwanese adopt a case-by-case solution that builds upon individual
complaints and responses based on residents’ needs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The
complaint system becomes a unique political institution and social experiences
for the Taiwanese people. It also reflects how city residents rely upon
anonymous mechanisms to avoid retaliation, and their idea of privacy, when they
allow government officers to walk into their bedrooms for measurement and play
the third party to solve the problem. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Summary: Yichen Lo</span></div>
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Chiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15396393080234702748noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-596560882155774768.post-82052165586406135892019-07-07T15:00:00.000-04:002019-09-26T21:20:56.949-04:00「你都來米國了,為何還要愛台灣?」 美國台灣人的社會運動參與<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: small;">講者: 何明修 教授 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">身在海外的你有沒有想過你是為了什麼而去關注故鄉的事呢?你又是為了什麼就算出了國也會參與他鄉聲援本土的社會運動的活動呢? 今天的哲五的講者何明修教授就是抱著這些問題來到研討會的。</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">社會運動 (下稱社運) 可以說是一種弱者的武器 (weapon of the weak)。社運是由一群有共同目的、彼此團結的弱勢群眾發起一場對抗和挑戰權威的社會變革。與較短暫的抗議和主要在政治體系裡的遊說比較,社運的時間較長且衝突規模更大,故需要花費更多的資源,特別是人力和財力才能持續。但這些參與反抗權威的弱勢者偏偏最欠缺時間、金錢和社會關係進行長時間的抗爭,故社運的開始、成果和影響是難以預測的。</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">而社運的組織、領導及維持民眾的關注度也是一個複雜和恆久的問題。就像香港的雨傘運動 (2014) 到反送中運動 (2019) 越見明顯的就是民眾並不是依靠組織,而是自發進行抗爭。但如何讓民眾持續參與長久的社運,卻是另一個難題。以台灣的青年參與反勞基法二/惡修 (2017-2018) 為例,根據2017年的1223大遊行的現場調查,有76%的參與者的年齡是35歲以下,更有78%的參與者是沒有工會會員身份,他們當中還有18%是還沒有進入社會的學生,由此可見,年青人是該次社運的主力軍;而高達80%的參加者是從網路 (Facebook, ptt) 獲得是次社運的訊息,可見網路是該社運、甚至現在社運的重要傳播和宣傳平台。另一點值得注意的是該次反勞基法二/惡修的動員形式同樣有別於傳統的社運。參與的青年拒絕現場指揮,把抗爭形式換化為「都市游擊戰」,創造出台灣版的「奮起之夜」(Nuit Debuit)/「黃背心抗議」(gilets jaunes),讓社運遍地開花。但就Google 搜尋記錄上關於台灣人對「勞基法」的熱搜度 (見下圖),台灣人對勞基法修例的關注卻不持久。在2016年12月至2017年1 月,《勞動基準法》相關修正案三讀通過,明訂施行一例一休時,台灣人對「勞基法」的搜尋次數到達第一個高度;而2017年12月3-9日,勞基法修正草案議事時,台灣人對勞基法的關注又到了第二個高度;到了2018年1 月7-13日,即三讀通過《勞動基準法》修正案前後的時間,台灣人對勞基法的關注度到了頂峰。可是在這三個高峰之間的時段,台灣人對勞基法的關注卻一直維持在很有限的程度。所以,到底要如何在新媒體和資訊爆炸的年代維持民眾對社運的關注度卻是個難題。</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">但又是什麼促使民眾發起社運呢?民眾對社會的不滿一直存在,但並不等於一定會引發社運。其實一般人遇到不滿時,普遍會選擇成本更低的對不合理的事或政權保持忠誠 (loyalty) (即不發聲並容忍不合理) 或退出 (exit) (即是離開),因為發聲 (voice) 需要付出更多的成本。以台灣的戒嚴時期為例,發聲對抗政府需要付出極高的成本,例如失去自由、甚至生命,所以一般台灣人選擇默默順從極權的統治 (忠誠),也有一部分人移民到國外 (退出)。因此,社運參與者需要思考如何讓選擇忠誠或退出的群眾改變立場,加入發聲的群體,以壯大社運的力量。但參與社運的群體越大時,如何團結眾人去為同一個目標而抗爭,又成為另一個難題,畢竟一般民眾更傾向在公共財 (public goods) 受到影響下,才會想要站出來抗爭,而當中又有不少人是抱著搭便車 (free riders) 的心態去參加社運,故所有參加者的目標未必一致。此外,社運一般是以負面誘因 (negative incentives) 向政權施加壓力,簡單來說是社運一般缺乏正面誘因的資源,故社運參加者只能強調如果政府不接受他們的建議,政府或社會便會承受怎麼樣的惡果,這反而讓政府更不願意順應社運人士的訴求。因此,社運的發起、參加者數量、凝聚力及成果都難以預測。</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">參與社運的群體亦受到年齡及可支配時間 (discretionary time) 限制。如前文所言的,社運是一場需要大量資源的持久戰,特別耗費人力和財力。因此,不管是在2014年台灣的太陽花運動,還是同年香港的雨傘運動,到最近在香港如火如荼進行中的反送中運動,我們都不難看到主要且最持久的參與者都是一群相對以言較少時間跟經濟壓力的在學學生、年輕人,以及退休長者。而同時代出生成長的一群人更容易聚集在一齊並以共同的價值觀發展出屬於他們的社會運動,像是美國戰後嬰兒潮世代長大的人是六○年代新左派運動的主力軍,而美國的千禧世代 (Millennials) 就是現在的Me Too、Black Live Mater 運動的主要力量,還有台灣的七年級生與同樣在一九八0年代出生的香港的八十後就是同樣發生在2014年的太陽花運動與雨傘運動的主導者。就像Economist (2013/6/29) 所講(畫)的 (見下圖) ,每一個時期的社會運動的形態都不盡相同、各有特色:像法國大革命就是高舉民族意識的武力抗爭;新左派運動的代表就是鮮花、和平和及氣油彈;東歐的反蘇聯燭光靜坐運動就富基督教色彩;以至現在以手提智慧電話記錄和傳播的社會運動,每一個年代的社會運動都在以別具一格的形式進行。 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">回到海外移民跟社運的關聯上,歷史上不乏海外移民在故土以外的地方仍然培養出班乃迪‧安德森 (Benedict Anderson) 所說的遠距離民族主義 (long-distance nationalism),並影響日後在他們故土進行的社運。以甘地為例,他先在南非發起反對針對南非印度人的種族歧視運動,日後再回到印度發起印度獨立運動。而同樣案例也曾發生在各個時代的台灣人身上︰在日治時期,為了更有效監視四散在日本的台灣留學生,日本政府在1912年興建了位於東京都小石川區(即現時文京區)的高砂寮,以便宜膳宿費用吸引台灣留學生。這個本來用於監視在日台灣學生的設施,反而有助台灣知識份子聚集並策劃反抗運動;到了戰後,位於海外的台灣人也建立了各個支持台灣獨立的組織,包括日本台灣青年獨立聯盟 (1960) 和台灣獨立建國聯盟 (1970),這些組織以建立<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B">台灣共和國</a>為宗旨,並以正名、制憲、以台灣名義加入聯合國等為目標。(筆者註:台灣獨立建國聯盟的總部在1992年遷回台灣。) 由此可見,一直以來不少海外的台灣人縱使身在他方,仍然心繫台灣,以各種方法不遺餘力地支援台灣的社運,甚至把海外的抗爭力量延續回台灣本土。</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">接下來是何教授向聽眾提問及交流的部分:</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: small;">Q1. 移民(immigration)/僑居(sojourning)作為一種文化衝擊(cultural shock)</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">請問你們來美國之後,開始適應新的生活,對於原先的各種政治取態(藍綠、統獨、同婚、勞權、環保等)有否產生新的變化?其原因為何?或者開始移民或僑居生活之後,你們變得不關心台灣的各種政治議題,甚至想要儘可能保持距離?</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">不少在場的參加者表達他們在台灣時並不關心台灣政治或對社運冷感,但當他們踏足海外並不約而同受到海關或海外人士刁難台灣人的國籍 (像是誤以台灣護照上有China一字便認為台灣是People’s Republic of China ),令他們反思台灣 (或中華民國) 作為一個國家在國際上的認受性。而這些或不善或無知的刁難反而成為他們為台灣作為一個獨立自主的國家 (不論是中華民國還是台灣共和國) 及台灣人作為一個民族而站出來發聲的源動力。</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">而在場的參加者亦表達他們並沒有刻意跟台灣的各種議題保持距離。不管是太陽花運動還是支持台灣的同性婚姻法及其他大大小小的議題上,不少聽眾都有持續關注,並在波士頓組織各類活動支持台灣的本土社運。</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Q2. Home is where the heart is</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">日久他鄉變故鄉?有人說,來到新的國家就是要試圖融入當地社會與文化,而不是一直惦記著自己的根源。你同意這樣的說法嗎?</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">在場的參加者表達融入美國社會與文化及惦記自己的根源並沒有衝突。其中一位參加者表示她在美定居已超過30年,她一直教育小孩不要忘了自己的根是在台灣,她明白她的下一代對「台灣人」的身份認同只會隨著時間而變淡,有一天「台灣人」只會變成下一代談論他們種族的一個詞彙,但無阻她惦記並教育小孩她們是台灣人。有其他參加者表示認同。也有參加者指出美國是一個多元社會,台灣人作為少數族裔,更應該保留自己的特色並向美國人介紹及宣揚台灣的文化。</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: small;">Q3. 亞細亞的孤兒?台灣人的無間道?說不清楚的身份與身世。</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">請問你們來了美國之後,自己的台灣人認同/中華民國國民是更加強化,亦或是變得模糊?</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">有參加者指出他們是出國後才發現台灣 (中華民國) 作為一個獨立國家在國際上只有有限的認受性,這反而讓他們萌生投入關注台灣及提升台灣的國際認受性的社會運動中。也有參加者表示他們在台灣時已經關注並參與社運,像是太陽花運動,故出國後也理所當然會繼續關注台灣的社運。但現場的參加者並不認同出國讓他們的台灣人認同/中華民國國民的身份認同變得模糊。亦有參加者表示,台灣人每年享有兩萬名的美國移民配額是由70年代至80年代的在美台灣人,如蔡同榮、陳台山和彭明敏,爭取的成果。由此可見,不少海外台灣人沒有因為台灣尷尬的國際地位而灰心,縱使身在海外仍然為台灣人的福祉而抗爭。</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: small;">Q4. 兩岸真的一家親嗎?</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">當你們遇到來自於中華人民共和國/大陸的人,要如何處理自己的身份議題?面對「被吃豆腐」的情況,你的反應是如何?例如自從2018年,越來越多航空公司將國籍欄改為 Taiwan, a Province of China.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">如上述所言,不少人在美國及其他海外地方受到不友善的鄰國人或無知的外國人刁難,這些反而讓他們更堅持用不同方法去解釋及介紹台灣作為一個獨立及自主的國家及其特色和文化。有參加者更鼓勵大家如果遇到這些「被吃豆腐」的情況,一定要堅持立場,也可以尋求駐波士頓台北經濟文化辦事處為在外台灣人討回公道。</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Q5. 藍與紅</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">你支持川普連任亦或是民主黨候選人?</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">美國政治與台灣一樣,也是充滿各種針鋒相對的政治議題,從移民、氣候變遷、經濟不平等、民權議題、大法官任命、國防與外交等。請問你們會關注這些爭議嗎?以及是否會參與、支持若干的議題運動?</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">關於這一題,有參加者表示他個人立場偏向民主黨,可是後來發現共和黨議員反而更會在美國議會為台灣發聲並協助提升台灣國際地位,像共和黨參議員今年就提出了《台灣保證法》。所以到底應該為了自己一貫的政治立場而支持民主黨,還是為了台灣而支持共和黨,這個抉擇讓他覺得很矛盾。</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">也有其他參加者有類似的看法,他們個人並不支持川普,但他們認為由於川普政府與中國的關係緊張,故台灣能從中獲得美國政府的協助,其國際地位處於歷史新高點,所以到底該如何看待川普連任,大家亦感到左右為難。</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: small;">Q6. 愛台灣亦或是婚姻平權?</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">如果你們有參加6/6的Boston Pride Parade,請你們的親身感覺如何?你們認為,這是「讓世界看到台灣」亦或是普世價值的彰顯?</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">有Boston Pride Parade的參加者表示今年並不是他們第一年參加Pride Parade,彰顯普世價值一直是他們參與遊行的目的之一。而今年則是第一次有參加者以台灣組織名義登記參加Pride Parade,他們希望籍此讓世界知道台灣成為亞洲第一個通過同性婚姻法的國家。縱使有媒體一直糾纏組織是以什麼身份參加是次遊行及參加者的政治立場,參與者更希望「讓世界看得見台灣」,而不是單純關注台灣的統獨及其他政治議題。</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: small;">Q7. 愛台灣的一百種方式</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">在波士頓,有各種各樣關於台灣的活動與社團。有些是有政治色彩(FAPA、中華專協),有些則是沒有(台大校友會、各校同學會)。有些是網路的(台灣人在波士頓Taiwanese in Boston),有些是實體的。有些官方領事館主辦的(國慶酒會),有些是民間自發的(Boston Pride Parade) 有些是帶有政治訴求(Harvard Square Outreach),有些則是沒有(牛頓市台灣日)。請問你問參與與否的主要考慮為何?</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">有時會出現一些兩難的情況,例如他對波士頓的台灣組織發起的活動感興趣,卻不認同該組織的宗旨,讓他覺得很矛盾。也有參加者表示以前台灣在波士頓的僑胞組織要求參加者都要說台語,現在已沒有此要求,並容許使用國語,可見台灣的社團漸漸變得更開放並願意接納多元文化。</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Q8. 哲五或非哲五?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">在過去十年,Café Philo的沙龍座談活動從台北大安區蔓延到台灣中南部,也從國內拓展到台灣人的海外社群。其多元的議題、志工組織的形態、開頭的自介與事後的對談,不只是成為台灣特有的文化現象,也啟發新一代年輕人的意識。請問你們,為何會願意參加哲五的活動?從其中,獲得最大的收獲又是什麼?</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">筆者記:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">這場研討會是筆者第一次參與的哲五,最大的得著無疑是在座各參加者分享的在美支援故鄉的社運經驗,例如海外人士可以擴大與政治人物的交流以獲取他們支持及理解發生在我們的故土的社運及抗爭,並以長期交流的方式尋求政治人物向美國及台灣/ 香港/ 中國政府施壓,從側面協助抗爭運動。就像何教授強調,社運的一切都離不開測不準定律,縱使抗爭不一定會得到即時的成果,但抗爭的種子已經埋在我們與下一代的心中。就像五年前香港的雨傘運動在當時以「失敗」告終,但香港市民渴望民主公義的心並沒死去,到了五年後今天的反送中運動中,「落實雙普選」仍然在市民的訴求清單中,可見雨傘運動縱已完結,其訴求與精神仍然在香港人心中屹立不倒。就像其時參加者之間流行的那句「就算失望,不能絕望」,我們千萬別讓抗爭的火燄熄滅。</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.6667px;">文摘: 林怡</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.6667px;">攝影: Chia-Chun Chung</span></span></div>
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Chiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15396393080234702748noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-596560882155774768.post-22898944973017469702018-12-03T20:01:00.001-05:002018-12-04T21:50:04.618-05:00黑船與黑潮<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: small; text-align: left;">講者: 張智程</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">原本台灣對日本一直是單戀,直到最近十年,日本對台灣的態度開始發現轉變。</span></div>
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2011 <span lang="ZH-TW">東日本震災</span>- <span lang="ZH-TW">讓日本意識到台灣一個小島國竟然捐了這麼多錢,還是一個對日本擁有許多憧憬的親日國家,使他們終於開始意識到台灣這個鄰近國家的存在。</span></div>
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<span style="text-indent: 0in;">2014 </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="text-indent: 0in;">太陽花學運爆發後,許多日本人感到好奇,到底是甚麼原因讓台灣的年輕人衝進了國會?他們在訴求甚麼?他們為甚麼敢衝進國會?</span> </div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW">講者發問</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">會前,講者提出了個問題:提到日本,你們會想到甚麼? 基本上不脫這幾塊-美食</span>/<span lang="ZH-TW">有禮貌</span>/<span lang="ZH-TW">動漫</span>/<span lang="ZH-TW">電子產品</span>/<span lang="ZH-TW">櫻花觀光</span>/<span lang="ZH-TW">溫泉</span>…<span lang="ZH-TW">等。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">現今社會,根據統計,每一年,台灣到日本的旅遊人數達到</span>460<span lang="ZH-TW">萬人次,換句話說,每年六分之一的台灣人會到日本旅遊</span>(<span lang="ZH-TW">註一</span>)<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75"
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<span lang="ZH-TW">順便提一下,我對日本的溫泉我才真正專業,溫泉旅行才是我的專業,我都去非觀光地域的溫泉場地,想要去日本溫泉的再私下問我。</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW">我為甚麼去日本</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW">當年我去日本是因為我非常想要了解日本的學生運動,原因是吳叡人、吳豪人</span>(<span lang="ZH-TW">註二</span>) <span lang="ZH-TW">這兩位煽動性的學者</span>(<span lang="ZH-TW">笑</span>)<span lang="ZH-TW">時常說服學運學生說,當年</span>(1960<span lang="ZH-TW">年代時</span>)<span lang="ZH-TW">日本的學生運動可是真正暴力的,用樹幹、汽油彈跟警察對沖。透過對日本學運世代的想像,我很想要了解當時如此浪漫、基進的日本是甚麼樣的情景。</span></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW">然而,我真正在日本生活的十年,所經驗到的卻是一個與我過去想像截然不同的國家,我所面對相處的、跟我同一世代的日本年輕人呈現比較接近所謂的「悟世代」氛圍</span>(<span lang="ZH-TW">註三</span>)<span lang="ZH-TW">,也就是年輕人偏安,對於人生沒有狼性,對感情交往、追求賺錢等生涯發展沒有欲求,充滿草食化的現象,才是我身邊同世代年輕人真實的狀況。
我與身邊的這些日本年輕人相處的經驗,讓我完全找不到當時</span>60<span lang="ZH-TW">年代浪漫、基進的學生運動氛圍。</span></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2015 <span lang="ZH-TW">的反安保學運,是日本這幾年來最近一次具有規模的社會運動。
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<span lang="ZH-TW">日本國憲法第九條</span>(<span lang="ZH-TW">註四</span>)<span lang="ZH-TW">的背景,是日本戰後當時短暫的被美國佔領,在佔領過程中,為了防止日本軍國主義再臨,在美國主導下在憲法中放入了宣示永遠放棄戰爭以及用遠不保持軍隊的憲法第九條。然而</span>1950<span lang="ZH-TW">的韓戰立即打破了這個和平條款,讓日本有了自衛隊這個實質上的軍隊。但因為第九條這個條文的存在深遠地影響日本戰後至今的政治、社會、國防與外交政策,造成日本在二戰後所有的國際紛爭中缺席的結果。</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW">戰後日本第一次大規模學生運動</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW">兩個重要對比</span>-</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1960<span lang="ZH-TW">安保條約</span>(<span lang="ZH-TW">岸信介,安倍晉三的祖父</span>)vs 2015 <span lang="ZH-TW">安保法制</span>(<span lang="ZH-TW">安倍晉三</span>)</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1960 <span lang="ZH-TW">當時總理岸信介不管當時民意,以自己政治生命為賭注,達成了美日安保條約的改訂,當時引起了強烈的反抗。</span>1960<span lang="ZH-TW">年的反安保運動非常劇烈,當時民眾認為,正值日本經濟起飛,又好不容易從戰爭之後得到和平的日本,沒有必要因此打破了和平的現況,因而造成相當劇烈的反抗。也因如此,岸信介在通過法案後立刻下台,而下任總理池田勇人立即宣布從此不再碰觸這個議題,才結束了這場戰後最大的社會運動。</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW">再往下深入討論之前,先來簡單定義一下左派跟右派,然而我再次強調,這是不嚴謹的分法,若是在學術討論這絕對是不合格的,但為了方便大家理解,以下用簡單的分法讓大家明白。</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW">右派(保守派)</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW">左派(自由派)</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW">經濟</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">五五體制(自民黨、企業與官僚鐵三角)</span>+<span lang="ZH-TW">高度經濟成長期下的福利國家</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">社會民主主義、社會主義</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW">政治</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">美日同盟</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">修憲(成為正常國家)</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">護憲和平主義</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">自民黨在創黨階段,訴求把憲法九條這樣的枷鎖給拔除,成為「普通國家」。在戰後的冷戰時代,以作為美國在區域的同盟國身份長期執政(五五體制)。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">護憲和平主義,社會主義,認為需要捍衛憲法第九條。</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW">共識</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">追求經濟發展成果,不涉及修憲問題,不積極介入國際安全保障事務。</span></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>*<span lang="ZH-TW">日本多數民意支持國家追求永久的和平,因為二戰的代價太大。即便贊成修改憲法以符合國際政治現實的民意大增,仍有過半民意仍然對修憲抱有疑慮。
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW">近期為何想要動憲法</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">日本因為國際情勢的轉變,使得內外政治面臨極大的變局,這樣的局勢,我稱之為</span>”<span lang="ZH-TW">黑船</span>”<span lang="ZH-TW">。</span></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW">第一次黑船,是</span>1853<span lang="ZH-TW">年 美國海軍指揮官培里率領艦隊在來航,要求江戶幕府開港通商。當時美國在南北戰爭打完之後,終於得以整合國家資源和產業實力,開始向西往海洋(太平洋)拓展版圖。當時的日本在德川幕府時代中已維持超過兩個半世紀,黑船的到來迫使日本走向開國(結束幕藩體制走向近代國家)。</span></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW">第二次的黑船,是日本敗戰後由麥克阿瑟佔領日本。當時美國企圖將日本所有造就戰爭的內部體制瓦解</span>(<span lang="ZH-TW">政府組織、財團、乃至文化習俗等等</span>)<span lang="ZH-TW">,他們想要把日本改變成美國想要的國家體制。原因是美國擔心保有日本原本的體制,在未來的日子裡,日本可能又會重返擴張主義的老路</span>(<span lang="ZH-TW">正如今日中國正在做的事</span>)<span lang="ZH-TW">。美國持續對日本進行佔領與改造,直到締結舊金山和約</span>(<span lang="ZH-TW">註五</span>)<span lang="ZH-TW">之後,才終於使日本回復獨立國家的地位。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">第三次黑船,是冷戰結束後的國際情勢轉變:中國爆發性崛起,幾乎可以說是達成了人類歷史上最快速的經濟發展成就。</span>21<span lang="ZH-TW">世紀以後,中國逐漸想要掌握區域乃至世界權力,這激起了日本危機意識,中日兩個鄰近卻完全不同的國家,於是再次展開了地緣政治上的競逐。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">然而此時的情況,卻是一個「失落的</span>20<span lang="ZH-TW">年(日本)</span>vs
<span lang="ZH-TW">改革開放</span>20<span lang="ZH-TW">年(中國)」這樣強烈對比的構圖。</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW">近期日本的情況</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">日本是一個缺乏天然資源的國家。日本知道他們的海上交通路被美國截掉因此輸掉第二次世界大戰,而中國的崛起與擴張,再次開始對日本的海上交通路造成強大的威脅。中國最近在南海的造島行動以及一連串的海洋擴張,皆具有單獨支配西太平洋區域的最終戰略目的。當中國能夠達成支配海洋的結果,意味著決定日本經濟與貿易命脈的海上交通遭到阻斷,不僅日本所有的製造成本都將大幅上升,更使日本注定走向從屬中國的命運。在中日兩國這樣地緣政治上戰略利益呈現的必然零合之下,未來日本跟中國是非常難取得和平共存的共識。地緣政治的宿命之下,台灣的位置也開始凸顯,日本與台在此方面有著共同的利益。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">戰後的日本與台灣的關係關係,我認為應該分為日華關係和台日關係兩個脈絡進行討論</span>(<span lang="ZH-TW">兩個相似,但又不是完全相同</span>) <span lang="ZH-TW">。</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW">戰後日華關係</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">角色</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">中華民國</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">日本</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">簡述</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">日華關係即日本與跟</span>1949<span lang="ZH-TW">年以後蔣介石帶來台灣的中華民國政權的關係,以</span>1972<span lang="ZH-TW">年為分水嶺,</span>1972<span lang="ZH-TW">年以前日本跟隨美國承認中華民國為中國的合法代表,在</span>1972<span lang="ZH-TW">年尼克森閃電到訪中國後,日本馬上跟隨美國的腳步與中華民國斷交。此後日本與中華民國保持非官方關係。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">態度</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">維持非正式外交關係,作為正統中國的意識形態,與日本之間存在以下衝突:</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">日本的一個中國原則:「認知」中國擁有台灣主權的主張(並未「承認」)</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">衝突</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">釣魚台問題(保釣)</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">歷史認識問題(侵華戰爭責任,慰安婦)</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">民主化後的兩岸關係在國民黨執政下的地緣政治因素:釣魚台,東海漁權,沖之鳥,南海</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW">日台關係</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">角色</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">台灣</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">日本</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">簡述</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">台日關係,指以台灣作為政治主體(非中華民國)出發與日本之關係。最初在國民黨白色恐怖的統治之下,受過日本教育的台灣菁英遭到大量屠殺,王育德先生等流亡菁英與留學生從日本開始推動海外台灣獨立運動,使得台灣獨立與台灣主體意識思想在漫長從萌芽到在海外生長茁壯,民主化以後,海外萌芽成長的台獨運動回到台灣進入體制內的選舉中,成為民主化過程中,在選舉上作為政治動員對抗國民黨的最主要道具,歷經三次政黨輪替後,台灣主體意識已經成為台灣政治與台灣人意識型態的主流價值</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">起源</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">台灣青年社、台獨聯盟</span></div>
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(<span lang="ZH-TW">王育德、許世楷、黃昭堂</span>)</div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">岩波出版「世界」刊登王育德文</span>---</div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">台灣獨立以作為六零年代眾聲喧嘩的社會運動中一小股未受重視的聲音登場</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">『台灣青年』作為主要論述刊物</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">繼承者</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">台獨聯盟</span>(<span lang="ZH-TW">金美鈴、黃文雄</span>)</div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">(</span>PS.<span lang="ZH-TW">此時期海外台獨運動之</span>ˋ<span lang="ZH-TW">重心已經由日本移往美國)</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">確立與右翼合作路線(特別是與否定日本戰爭責任的極右翼歷史修正主義主張團體親近)</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">定著</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">李登輝</span>(<span lang="ZH-TW">民主化</span>)<span lang="ZH-TW">:民主化成就使日本對經歷民主化過程而成為完全自由民主社會的台灣抱持親近感,李登輝的角色更進一步使重視日華安保的保守派轉化為親台派。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">政黨輪替</span>(<span lang="ZH-TW">中國因素</span>VS<span lang="ZH-TW">台灣因素</span>)</div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">日本民間支援團體:李登輝之友會</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">地緣政治</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">美日同盟</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">台灣獨立思想最初在海外出聲,是左派的岩波出版社發行的『世界』雜誌第一次刊登了王育德先生(台獨聯盟的創始者之一,在日本著有『台灣</span>---<span lang="ZH-TW">苦悶的歷史』一書)的文章。 然而,當時日本的左派對台獨聯盟的台灣獨立主張抱持冷漠與忽視的態度,因日本左派在冷戰期將自民黨與美日同盟作為主要敵人,在台灣議題上傾向直接接納社會主義陣營中國的立場,
認同由美國扶植的蔣家法西斯獨裁政權統治下台灣應屬中國的一部分。</span></div>
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1980<span lang="ZH-TW">年代在金美鈴女士、黃文雄先生將路線明確轉往與右翼陣營合作(歷史修正主義),與右翼背景的政治動員體系形成友好關係。民主化之後,李登輝先生在日本成為保守派轉向對台灣主體意識同情友好最大的推手,(李登輝總統在日本可是頂著哲學皇帝的腳色,影響力之大,成為台日關係今日重要的</span>legacy<span lang="ZH-TW">)。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">當然近年來最大的轉捩點,還是東日本大震災後日本社會對台灣態度的轉變,日本社會終於開始對如此鄰近的台灣產生問題意識。我</span>2009<span lang="ZH-TW">年剛留學日本時,跟日本人提到台灣,他們多半只會想到徐若瑄、郭泰源、鄧麗君等在日發展的演藝工作者或運動員,在</span>2011<span lang="ZH-TW">之後,跟日本人提到台灣時,變成對方普遍會表示曾去過台灣觀光、認知台灣親日友善等,對於台灣有更具體且正面的理解。雖然也沒有多深,但這樣所謂的鼎泰豐小籠包外交等等,讓他們意識到台灣是對日本非常友善親近的國家。而台灣人到訪日本的數據更是驚人,</span>2017<span lang="ZH-TW">年台灣人到訪日本</span>460<span lang="ZH-TW">萬人次,等於六個台灣人裡面有一個去年間去過日本,而過去幾年的觀光統計中,除了東京、大阪等大城市是中國人訪問人數第一之外,其他地方縣市等,最多旅遊人數幾乎都是台灣人居首。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">然而我們還是在日本遇到許多問題,舉例來說,吳豪人老師認為他在日本便是面臨著不斷「拳打腳踢」</span>---<span lang="ZH-TW">拳打</span>(<span lang="ZH-TW">左派</span>)<span lang="ZH-TW">,腳踢</span>(<span lang="ZH-TW">右派</span>)<span lang="ZH-TW">的命運。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">日本左派雖然在許多社會議題上的進步立場與我們立場一致,但在涉及台灣與中國之關係,乃至地緣政治問題時就並不積極。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">日本右派</span>- <span lang="ZH-TW">非常愛台灣,越右越愛台灣,但我自己覺得那種愛像是阿伯看到年輕妹妹的愛,他們願意在各種場合為台灣發聲,然而他們愛台灣感覺就像是</span>
”<span lang="ZH-TW">你看韓國對慰安婦問題這麼吵,哪像台灣這麼乖,都沒事</span>”) <span lang="ZH-TW">有一次,我去自民黨演講,他們提到想去拜訪台南飛虎將軍廟</span>(<span lang="ZH-TW">註六</span>)<span lang="ZH-TW">,也就是拜零式戰鬥機駕駛,當年台灣人簽六合彩求明牌最準的地方,他們對為甚麼台灣把我們日本人當神來拜很有興趣。然而這就是滿足他們對台灣的想像。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">然而這也是我很困擾的地方,是如何讓日本人正確的認識台灣,如何在左右派之間拳打腳踢。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">最後,我想要透過日本最權威的台灣研究學者若林正丈的看法做個結論,他認為台灣是海洋亞洲與大陸亞洲的風之谷,也就是兩座山峰之間的啞口氣旋,受到來自大陸亞洲和海洋亞洲兩座山峰吹來的強勁風力影響,匯集於台灣這個熱點的氣旋一直都是非常強勁,日本人必須對台灣正式並有正確的認知。</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Q&A<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">Q1我們期望說在日本可以得到的夥伴是偏左派的朋友,請問他們的思維是什麼</span>? <span lang="ZH-TW">他們現在的態度是因為不想管外國勢力,還是因為他們認為中國勢力是他們親近的勢力</span>?</div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">A1社民黨等邊緣左派小黨或是60世代的社運人士也好,有一小群人的確還保有過去的社會主義理想想像。至於大部分的學界或政界的左派,其實對於中國因素多少是有認知的,我常常問左派如何定義日本成為好國好民的方式:是不論世界發生什麼事,都關起門來只管自己的和平,還是在區域乃至世界的武裝衝突和人道危機中,日本作為大國願意更積極扮演願意負責任的角色?</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">Q2 甚麼是日本的左右派?</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">A2 媒體的常用的左右派是不正確的二分法。舉例來說,自民黨政權從中曾根到小泉純一郎政權之間是走新自由主義路線,對工會下手,推動去管制和民營化,但現在的自民黨安倍政權就不走這個路線。相對來說現在安倍政權的福利和勞動市場政策就非常左(補充:當然這是一個偏向由國家核心權力主導分配的國家社會主義式福利國家,跟左派的社會民主主義者所倡導的由工會或公民社會由下而上匯集而成的福利國家並不一樣)。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">Q3 日本如何看待台灣現況</span>? <span lang="ZH-TW">態度是</span>?
<span lang="ZH-TW">如陳為廷他們是給誰接待的</span>? <span lang="ZH-TW">另外</span>60<span lang="ZH-TW">年代那些人現在在幹嗎</span>?</div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">A3 日本左派以社會運動挑戰權力的立場出發,好奇太陽花運動作為學生</span>/<span lang="ZH-TW">社會運動到底如何成功改變了台灣的政治,他們很好奇我們怎麼做到了;日本右派以反中立場出發,評價太陽花學運是反中運動的成功例,右翼人士普遍認為太陽花學運如李登輝世代的傳承。</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW">當時學運領袖第一次被日本邀請,是黃陳林</span>(<span lang="ZH-TW">編按</span>: <span lang="ZH-TW">黃國昌、陳為廷、林飛帆</span>)<span lang="ZH-TW">三人組被日本極右翼團體邀請,但被我們留日學生擋下來。另一組(魏揚等人)也受右翼團體邀請成行,但在過程中與主辦單位不歡而散。</span></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW">而當時</span>60<span lang="ZH-TW">年代的造反年輕人,畢業之後多半成為日本高度成長期的企業戰士</span>(<span lang="ZH-TW">如歐洲過去六零年代學運世代一般</span>)<span lang="ZH-TW">,堅持社運理念的人反而越來越邊緣,如社民黨,因此社運也越來越難撼動國家的結構。大部分</span>60<span lang="ZH-TW">年代的反抗者,往後其實多半成為他們當時眼中反抗的社會體制中人,在日本高度經濟成長期中成為累積最多財富的世代。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">Q4 你怎麼看這一次的反安保運動</span>?<span lang="ZH-TW">會對現在日本政治有甚麼影響</span>?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW">另外美國對於日本修憲的態度是?</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">A4 當時的狀況是,儘管在台上是年輕臉孔,但在台下的群眾依舊是</span>60<span lang="ZH-TW">年代的那群老人家,反安保運動無法動員普遍的年輕族群,跟六零年代學運作為世代標誌相較動員結構仍然根本不同。我們常常在與日本公民與社運團體在交流的時候,對方多是</span>60<span lang="ZH-TW">年代的老人家居多。自民黨主張下修投票年紀,是他們評估年輕人相對中高齡世代政治意識形態更為保守,可以為自民黨增加更多票。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">戰後初期的美國其實是很不希望這些戰前軍國主義背景的保守派回來執政,可是文件解密指出當時</span>CIA<span lang="ZH-TW">對自由和民主黨合併成立自民黨有很大幫助。整體而言在戰後的年代裡,美國對於日本修憲其實是非常矛盾的,關鍵是冷戰時期,美國需要日本作為他在西太平洋的盟友,美日安保架構下的</span>Junior
partner<span lang="ZH-TW">,但另一方面與日本具有慘烈的交戰經驗的美國,又害怕日本會轉換回戰前的擴張主義路線,成為美國的威脅(特別在日本</span>70<span lang="ZH-TW">、</span>80<span lang="ZH-TW">年代日本經濟極為繁榮而使得美國的</span>“<span lang="ZH-TW">日本威脅論</span>”<span lang="ZH-TW">一度成為主流),也因為這個考量,他們決定不在亞洲做北約,傾向與個別亞洲國家締結雙邊同盟關係去處理。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">而現在(後冷戰時代)美國對日本的看法,雖然表面上不對修憲積極表態贊成,但是明確希望日本在美日同盟框架下負擔起義務,以及在區域和平上負起更積極的角色。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">Q5 韓國崛起的態度</span>? <span lang="ZH-TW">如果兩韓統一呢?</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">A5 作為大韓民國成立背景的韓國民主主義,是在二十世紀初反抗日本侵佔時代背景下、以日本作為民族的共同敵人而成立的。因此韓國民族主義中以日本為敵人,但對立只能嘴上講,然而韓國保守派自己也知道,日韓在安全保障上必須作為美國的同盟陣營緊密合作,才能抗衡來自北韓乃至中國的威脅。而自由派長期的敵人是韓國保守派(獨裁政權=日本殖民者的協力者</span>+<span lang="ZH-TW">美國),相對於保守派在對日關係上基本上很難保持好的關係。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">而說到兩韓統一,第一個要問是要看統一後的韓國在地緣政治上親中或親美,所以現在也無法武斷得知。不過可以知道的是,統一目前是幾乎不可能的,原因是各方勢力還沒解決,利益還是相衝突。而日本對朝鮮半島的態度是並不樂見一個統一的朝鮮半島國家,從當時日俄戰爭的情況之下,他們堅信日俄終須一戰,因此佔領韓國完全是基於朝鮮半島作為緩衝地帶的地緣政治考量。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">Q6 日本年輕人對政治無感,那他們怎麼想</span>? <span lang="ZH-TW">那日本對於赴中工作的態度是?</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">A6 日中之間的對立,因日中兩國價值不同之外,在地緣政治上也面臨兩者利益相斥,兩邊人民對彼此的認知差異甚大,所以也沒有好關係。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">日本勞動市場現在面臨的情況不一樣,不是年輕人想要外移,而是沒人來工作,舉例,現在日本公司出現一種狀況,公司在繼續營利的情況下倒閉,原因是人手不足雇不到人來工作。從台灣的徵才會就可以發現,原本赴日工作會被要求要在日本有留學經驗或是有日文能力,現在都不用了,日本的移民政策正在發生史上最大的變革,迫於人手不足而大幅開放外國人來日本工作,現在想去日本工作非常容易!</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">Q7 日台關係目前關係?</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">A7 其實有一些長輩在推日本版的台灣關係法,尋求在國防安全上與日本建立實質的同盟關係,然而這項政策希望不大。因為日中關係的重要性太大,再親台的政治領袖,基於日本自身的國益考量都不太可能在美國沒動的前提下,選擇跟台灣達成敏感的政治協議對抗中國。安倍晉三可說是戰後最親台的首相,但我不認為他的團隊會選擇這樣做。
更重要的,日本現在的態度,即便有修憲或是強化軍事實力的聲音,但對於自衛隊武力行使的設定範圍仍然是以自衛為主,依舊不至於積極介入國際紛爭犧牲國民生命。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">Q8 台灣有親中親美的聲音,但似乎日本只有親美的態度</span>?</div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">A8 日本有親中的勢力:日本議會內閣制,選舉更重地方,有些地方自治體人少,但依舊有國會議員的代表,因此中國事實上有大量投資以及遊說地方自治體的政治人物,透過這個方式可以一定程度影響日本政局。但總體而言,從歷史和地緣政治來看,長遠來看日本沒有一個親中或者從屬中國國家戰略觀存在的可能性,第一歷史上從來沒有發生過,第二就地緣政治分析,親美不會導致臣服,但親中會造成從屬的結果。</span></div>
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Reference</div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">註一,取自</span>2017<span lang="ZH-TW">中華民國交通部觀光局行政資訊系統</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">註二,吳叡人,國立台灣大學政治學系畢業,芝加哥大學政治學博士,曾為日本早稻田大學政治經濟學部客座副教授,現任職中央研究院台灣史研究所副研究員;吳豪人,吳叡人胞弟,目前擔任輔仁大學法律學院教授。出生於桃園市,早年畢業於國立政治大學法律系,後來在京都大學取得法學博士。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">註三,「日本的年輕網路世代被冠上了一個新名詞</span>---<span lang="ZH-TW">『ネトウヨ(網路右翼)』。這些出生成長於日本泡沫經濟後長期不景氣與低迷狀態的日本二十歲世代,過往被認為普遍具有一種「遁世」的特質,非典型雇用與派遣勞動的猖狂,讓日本的年輕人處於工作貧窮以及迷惘狀態,這些在競爭中失敗的年輕人成為</span>NEET<span lang="ZH-TW">(尼特族),最近很多中年世代甚至開始稱年輕世代為『悟世代』,意思是這代日本年輕人不但不再關心社會、甚至連自身生涯、戀愛等事務都全部失去熱情,將自我封閉於孤獨與虛幻的網路與動漫世界,如同出家人般頓悟、開悟、遁入空門。」取自【京都想想】日本的年輕人為什麼不再反抗?張智程,</span>May
4, 2014</div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">註四,《日本國憲法》三大原則作為和平主義,成為《日本國憲法》第二章的主要內容,包括放棄戰爭、不維持武力、不擁有宣戰權。《日本國憲法》也因此被稱為「和平憲法」或「非戰憲法」。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">註五,《對日和平條約》,簡稱《對日和約》,通稱舊金山和平條約或舊金山和約,是第二次世界大戰的大部份同盟國成員與日本簽訂的和平條約。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW">註六,位於臺灣南部的古都臺南市郊外,有座祭祀日軍飛行員的寺廟,正式名稱為鎮安堂飛虎將軍廟。「飛虎」是戰鬥機的意思,而被視為神明的勇士則被尊稱為「將軍」。這個廟宇祭祀的是二戰中殞命的日軍飛行員杉浦茂峰氏。取自稱作「飛虎將軍」的日本人從臺灣回到故鄉,片倉佳史,</span>Dec.
23,2013</div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhl6h2-qrI7sOWINqywCIBj0Nga52kUg29MWqogoAsfXe3vOhxFa8Y_4MXiXqstykx5uWPQ8MJ98S7LyL1IuGtxg0fEHifM8mFAjpLkTKNm_64KmSZ3jet0U3-QmRAWeatkYhaQVh3q7I8p/s1600/29365825_10215241784095078_4835348694171927113_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="960" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhl6h2-qrI7sOWINqywCIBj0Nga52kUg29MWqogoAsfXe3vOhxFa8Y_4MXiXqstykx5uWPQ8MJ98S7LyL1IuGtxg0fEHifM8mFAjpLkTKNm_64KmSZ3jet0U3-QmRAWeatkYhaQVh3q7I8p/s640/29365825_10215241784095078_4835348694171927113_n.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">與會合影</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Chiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15396393080234702748noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-596560882155774768.post-15159774121864492402018-11-05T19:54:00.001-05:002018-11-05T19:54:05.403-05:00性別與族群的政治代表性 Gender and Ethnicity in Political Representation<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "Gungsuh","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh;">筆者:施美成</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "Gungsuh","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh;">看過電影關鍵少數</span><span style="font-family: "Gungsuh","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh;">(Hidden
Figures), <span lang="ZH-TW">模仿遊戲</span>(The Imitation Game) <span lang="ZH-TW">或者阿波羅計畫</span>(Apollo
13)<span lang="ZH-TW">的海報嗎?講者黃長玲老師在演講的一開始,藉由這些電影的海報給人不同的感覺,去說明代表性</span>
(representation)<span lang="ZH-TW">的意涵。</span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcrt4Mpm0tbM69iVmnZHwOI2KAhezoq655SdeJWbrpISri0dYU26bxG0wVelol3upzFWaLVJFZIQrnVC42g-7b-iAxGAF6PR3TtoFOfAf7Q-fW9jvQsOFYA4fY8XgwE96AJaeRzMRiSws/s1600/cafePhilo2018_oct2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="718" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcrt4Mpm0tbM69iVmnZHwOI2KAhezoq655SdeJWbrpISri0dYU26bxG0wVelol3upzFWaLVJFZIQrnVC42g-7b-iAxGAF6PR3TtoFOfAf7Q-fW9jvQsOFYA4fY8XgwE96AJaeRzMRiSws/s400/cafePhilo2018_oct2.jpg" width="298" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">講者:黃長玲教授</td></tr>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "Gungsuh","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh;">政治上的代表性是當代政治中的重要議題,但其變得非常有挑戰性,則是非常晚近的事,一直要到民主和幾乎所有人相關之後。</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "Gungsuh","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh;">政治權利的存在是社會為了本身體制安全與秩序的需求,給予某人或某個群體代替發聲或制定決策的權利。因為不同的社會由不同的人組成,追求不同方式的安全與秩序模式,所以,政治權利的有無從古至今並不相同。古希臘社會並不認為所有人都應該有政治權利,例如女性和奴隸就不具備公民身份,沒有參與公共事務的權利。而今日天賦人權和人人平等的概念,則是到美國獨立戰爭和法國大革命時才開始在大眾中傳播開的概念,但是具體的實踐並非人生而平等。近代民主政治崛起時,人們對「差異」的想像只有「意見」的差異,而很少考慮「身份」的差異,特別是一個人所屬的「群體身份」。</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "Gungsuh","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh;">這件事在性別上十分明顯,例如我們在瞭解一個男性的時候,我們更加的重視他的職業和在公眾領域的表現,而在面對女性時則會在她的社會角色上放更大的比重,例如著重她的婚姻狀況如何。要讓這樣的狀況減少,需要政治制度上的配合,使處於弱勢的一方在政治中持續有聲量。不過該如何決定授權的人和被授權的人,以及被授權的人該如何被課責,則是一個困難的問題。</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "Gungsuh","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh;">台灣婦女參政權的爭取過程,可以是一個體制變更帶動社會改變的好例子。台灣婦女參政比率</span><span style="font-family: "Gungsuh","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh;">(38.1% <span lang="ZH-TW">於</span>2017) <span lang="ZH-TW">在全世界中名列前茅,在亞洲僅次於紐西蘭(</span>38.3%<span lang="ZH-TW">),更遙遙的領先文化相近的日韓兩國(分別在</span>10% <span lang="ZH-TW">及</span>17%<span lang="ZH-TW">左右)。這個數字跟大部分人眼中女權較為彰顯的北歐國家相比也毫不遜色。台灣在女性參政比率上能位於前排,主要是因為台灣在威權選舉時代</span>(1950
<span lang="ZH-TW">左右</span>)<span lang="ZH-TW">的地方選舉中就開始實施婦女參政保障名額。而這個成果是由歷史中不同時期的女性運動者們共同達成的。這些女性運動者們主要有兩群。有中華民國建立初期,</span>1930-40<span lang="ZH-TW">的女權運動者們,例如唐群英女士。以及</span>1970<span lang="ZH-TW">年左右開始興起,</span>1980<span lang="ZH-TW">開始具備有組織性,並一直努力到今日的台灣當代女權運動者們,例如彭婉如女士。在這兩群女性運動者中,對於女性參政比例的提高,當代台灣女權運動者有著更直接的貢獻。</span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "Gungsuh","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh;">世界上,女性政治代表性以兩種很不同的模式在增加。第一種模式是自然的,政黨</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiU;">為了吸引女性選票而產生</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "Gungsuh","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh;">自律性競爭,因此增加女性人被提名人的比率。北毆國家大部分都是這樣的模式,並在左翼政黨與保守黨之間的政治競爭中,雙方不斷的加碼提名女性候選人,讓女性參政比率不斷增加。另外一個模式則是刻意的,也就是制定女性保障名額的法律條文。理論上這個模式是在女性地位相對落後的國家實施的,此外,這個模式也引發是否會減低女性參政自發性的可能。考慮著這樣的可能性,台灣的女權運動者們在當初思考是否維持或繼續提高女性保障名額時也有著猶疑。</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Gungsuh","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh;">1995<span lang="ZH-TW">年聯合國的婦女大會在北京展開,在決議文中訂下了將女性參政權提高到</span>30%<span lang="ZH-TW">的願景。 儘管台灣因為非聯合國成員無法參加,有位參與美國女權活動的運動者受當時台灣的女權運動團體之邀來到台灣分享她的經驗,並在演講的</span>Q&A<span lang="ZH-TW">時間中給了一個很粗估數值,</span>25%<span lang="ZH-TW">門檻。這位運動者分享當時全球婦女運動的討論趨勢,指出大約至少四個席位中要有一位女性,女性對於組織的文化才會有足夠的影響力。因為這個具體的建議,時任民進黨婦女部主席的彭婉如女士決定推動四分之一性別比例原則的條款。這提案於</span>1996<span lang="ZH-TW">年被民進黨採納,作為該黨提名公職人員的規範。隨後在</span>1998<span lang="ZH-TW">年,台灣通過了「地方制度法」,將地方選舉的婦女保障名額提高到「各選區當選名額每滿四席,需有婦女當選名額一席」。「地方制度法」通過時是國民黨執政,內政部推出草案前,婦女團體曾經拜會當時的內政部長葉金鳳,而後來內政部提出的「地方制度法」草案中,就包括了提高婦女保障名額的部份。這個條文當時並沒有受到各方勢力太多的關注,可能是提案送交時年正逢台灣精省之際,大部分的進步或保守勢力都致力於精省後與地方政府相關的經費和人事攻防。台灣的婦女保障名額條文便悄悄地變成了一條法律,此後各黨針對這個新條款也提高了的女性候選人的人數,有實力參選的女性也更加積極的參選,而依靠保障名額當選的女性也慢慢減少。</span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "Gungsuh","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh;">女性比率增加以後也一定程度的改變了政治文化。以往政治人物常在陪酒或色情三溫暖進行政治協商的狀況並不少見,然而黨團中女性比率提高後,這種情形變得較少。另外在女性政治代表性提升後,公眾對於性別相關的議題也更加的敏銳。以往對於公眾人物針對女性的不恰當發言,通常只有女性主義運動者會加以聲討,而近年,社會基本上會共同譴責這樣的發言。</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "Gungsuh","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh;">族群代表性也是和性別代表性相關的議題,然而族群代表性的議題較為複雜。由於族群認同的流動性遠大於性別認同,其相關的政治體制設計也更加的複雜。無論如何,這些設計大致上可以分成降低席次分配門檻,保障一定名額,以及平行選區等設計。無論這些制度的設計如何,必須要各族群人口與族群政治代表性中找到一個平衡。</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "Gungsuh","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh;">另外一個政治代表性的問題則是來自於交織性。人的身份通常是多重的。這造成了前面提到的,代表性的給予和課責的困難,與歸因的困難。歸因的困難是指因為人的弱勢身份可能是多重的,所以當某人受到不公平待遇時,區分其來源是困難的。返過來說,衡量一個人是否受到公平待遇時,也必須去尋找比較的基準。以黑人女性的就業為例子,如果某雇主在一個面試中決定不聘用一位能力適合的黑人女子,那雇主是因為不喜歡她是黑人?還是因為她是女性?同時,當我們要制定一個法條好讓黑人女性族群的就業能夠被保障,我們又要以什麼為基準?是要和黑人男性一樣公平?還是要和白人女性一樣公平?但其實就算選了這兩個基準,可能也不是真正的公平。
除了性別和族裔的交織之外,還有階層,以及其他身份</span><span style="font-family: "Gungsuh","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh;"> – <span lang="ZH-TW">例如移工,或者身心障礙者這樣的身份的交織。這讓交織性變的更加複雜,也是制定相對體制規範時的挑戰。</span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_gjdgxs"></a><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "Gungsuh","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh;">一個理想狀態是這樣的,在社會多元文化的價值觀下,所有被授權為民選官員的人們同時注意並為各種性別,族群,階層,和特殊身份的需求發聲。這在實行上並不容易。過去的研究顯示台灣的女性民選代表多少會較關注女性議題,原住民身份的民選代表則或多或少關注原住民議題,但女性及原住民雙重身分的民選代表同時關注原住民和女性議題的就幾乎不存在。一個人同時具有兩個身份時,似乎會選擇關注一個為主。
然而這一切並不是毫無希望的,黃老師在演講的最後展示了台灣現今</span><span style="font-family: "Gungsuh","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh;">2018<span lang="ZH-TW">年的內閣閣員合照,和加拿大在</span>2015<span lang="ZH-TW">年組成的內閣閣員的合照。台灣閣員照片中只有少數的女性,而具有其他少數身份的人士則不存在。加拿大內閣合照則有趣很多,閣員性別依照</span>50/50<span lang="ZH-TW">比例分配,並且還有多位具備少數群體身份的人士,分別是信仰錫克教的國防部長,和身障人士的退撫軍人會主席。對於加拿大內閣筆者的感覺是,當一個非傳統背景的人被指派為某部會主席時,該官員就必須要思考和其身份不直接相關的事務,而大眾則被給予一個反思對於該職位刻板印象的機會,這對政府運作方式的改善和社會意識的要應該都有幫助。最後筆者的期望是,不管是筆者的故鄉台灣,或者筆者現在居住與工作的國家美國,都可以和加拿大學習對於不同文化和意見的正面態度。多元文化可能帶來混亂,有時又看似野蠻(和保守人士心中的</span>“<span lang="ZH-TW">以禮樂治國</span>”<span lang="ZH-TW">之類的概念相比),但混亂和野蠻卻是一個文化持續創新和成長不可或缺的養分,也是人類社會成長一個不變的動力。</span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiK7yGa5Usjv6kaZJ369fo6D-hkgntzeiS9MNPH9SAfgh6uBtCu7LAwhtx0Gy_xD-d8T9DJtzNeZxs_94D4a745dwcGGKHegrC8Cm_ILCYDVE4Xud6tzks6Fmif6T5lYcWy2lW4YMMqI8/s1600/cafePhilo2018_oct.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="960" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiK7yGa5Usjv6kaZJ369fo6D-hkgntzeiS9MNPH9SAfgh6uBtCu7LAwhtx0Gy_xD-d8T9DJtzNeZxs_94D4a745dwcGGKHegrC8Cm_ILCYDVE4Xud6tzks6Fmif6T5lYcWy2lW4YMMqI8/s640/cafePhilo2018_oct.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">與會後合影</td></tr>
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Marburghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08438436788611014690noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-596560882155774768.post-58269597022450259492018-08-11T22:00:00.001-04:002018-08-11T22:04:59.468-04:00中立 孤立 獨立? 從地緣困境看-瑞士、北韓、台灣的「小國」國際戰略<div class="normal">
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§" height="360" src="https://scontent-lga3-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/37219813_1986776181380507_8638460369460789248_o.jpg?_nc_cat=0&oh=c438c23b3aaf2c73d7e22e7801f57655&oe=5C09B7F1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">講者:何時宜</td></tr>
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<span lang="UZ-CYR" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">--</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">連續三場的加時延長</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">,</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">連續三次的後來居上</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">,</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">世足四強賽終場哨音響起,一個人口只有台灣五分之一的小國再度在世界的舞台上創造奇蹟</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: "ms 明朝"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-hansi-font-family: "MS 明朝";">⋯⋯</span><span lang="UZ-CYR" style="font-family: 新細明體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">『克羅埃西雅能</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">,</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">為什麼我們不能</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">?』</span><span lang="UZ-CYR" style="font-family: 新細明體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">七月波士頓哲學星期五講者</span><span lang="UZ-CYR" style="font-family: 新細明體;">Toki</span><span lang="UZ-CYR" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span><span lang="UZ-CYR" style="font-family: 新細明體;">(</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">何時宜</span><span lang="UZ-CYR" style="font-family: 新細明體;">)</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">一開場便以這句耳熟的媒體口號</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">,</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">帶出了今天的主題</span><span lang="UZ-CYR" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">不同的小國是如何在現今社會下各自發展呢</span><span lang="UZ-CYR" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">?</span><span lang="UZ-CYR" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">要瞭解這些問題,就必須先知道現今國際社會的組成和遊戲規則。我們常</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">說</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">的國際社會,事實上只是包含在「世界」的其中一個面向。國際社會的單位是『國家』,那到底什麼是『國家』呢</span><span lang="UZ-CYR" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">?</span><span lang="UZ-CYR" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">『國家</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">』</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">這個概念隨著時代改變,解釋派系多元,各有其說亦有各自表述。從政治學的角度,簡要的說,現代</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">國家</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">定義的脈絡源於</span><span lang="UZ-CYR" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">16</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">世紀</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">中期</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">馬基維利的</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">『</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">君王論』確立了</span><span lang="UZ-CYR" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">state</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">的定義,當時的世界是以宗教文化霸權為主的君主國。</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">而</span><span lang="UZ-CYR" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">17</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">世紀三十年戰爭結束,而以西伐利亞條約</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">(Peace of Westphalia)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">,確立了『主權國家』</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">sovereign state<span lang="ZH-TW">在國際的效力,再到了工業革命前後,以『民族』為主的『國民國家』</span>nation
state<span lang="ZH-TW">紛紛獨立</span></span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">來重新理解國民,而到近代,『帝國』</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">Empire State<span lang="ZH-TW">,型態崛起,以</span>League of Nation<span lang="ZH-TW">會員國為主要定義,而至戰後國家秩序重整,</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">而今天所謂的</span><span lang="UZ-CYR" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">country</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">主要由</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">聯合國</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">United Nation</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">所定義,</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">而其定義也演變成是有自己的「人民」,「領土」</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">,「</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">政府」以及「主權」的共同體。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">國家的型態</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">、</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">定義多元並隨著時代改變。</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">雖然我們常常</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">說「</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">我國我國</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">」</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">但</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">今天的台灣</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">這個島,</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">到底算不算一個國家呢</span><span lang="UZ-CYR" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">?</span><span lang="UZ-CYR" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">台灣在日治時期曾因為日本的關係,一同隸屬於聯合國前身 </span><span lang="UZ-CYR" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">League of Nations</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">之下 ,二戰過後 聯合國</span><span lang="UZ-CYR" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">United Nations</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">成立,因為中華民國</span><span lang="UZ-CYR" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">ROC</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">當時是的創始國之一,台灣也</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">「</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">自動的</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">」</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">被</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">納入</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">在</span><span lang="UZ-CYR" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">UN</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">版圖中。然而在</span><span lang="UZ-CYR" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">1971</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">年後,這個創始國的角色換成了中華人民共和國</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">PRC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">台灣作為中華民國的實質支配領土,也同時被除名</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">但實際上,</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">PRC<span lang="ZH-TW">宣稱台灣是自己的領土,所以目前台灣這個島,是否涵蓋在聯合國管理,各自表述。</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">就現今</span><span lang="UZ-CYR" style="font-family: 新細明體;"> country</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">的解釋</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">,</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">台灣雖然有自己的「人民」,「 領土」, 但</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">「</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">政府」與「主權」還是定義在中華民國上。所以在今天的</span><span lang="UZ-CYR" style="font-family: 新細明體;">country</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">定義下,台灣本身並不符合國家的四要件</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">,</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">而中華民國雖有政府和主權</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">,</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">但其憲法所定義的「 領土」,涵蓋的「人民」和宣稱唯一中國的代表卻與實際影響範圍相去甚遠</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">,</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">也不被今天的國際社會所認可</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">也幾乎無法正式加入各個國際組織。</span><span lang="UZ-CYR" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="åå裡å¯è½æ1 人ãå¾®ç¬ä¸ãåä¸" height="180" src="https://scontent-lga3-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/37129498_1986776604713798_6115232899139633152_o.jpg?_nc_cat=0&oh=900c1acee268a58d9bcfe79df3f2dc2c&oe=5C0A1A2C" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="320" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">與會者與講者互動</td></tr>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">所以台灣孤立了嗎?不用擔心,羅馬人在幾千年前發明了一個詞彙,</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">de facto (<span lang="ZH-TW">事實上的</span>)<span lang="ZH-TW">,所以台灣現在作為一個</span>de facto nation state</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">行走在世界上,中華民國支配的台灣,也因為經濟發展和冷戰架構,得已用不明確的定義行走在世界,但也因為</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">台灣和中華民國在現今國家定義的交錯</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">,</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">也造成了台灣在國際關係上的重重難關。</span><span lang="UZ-CYR" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">除了對台灣和中華民國的國家定義可能與我們認知不同外,台灣社會對國際關係上中立國和孤立國的認知也未必如如同一般想像。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">為了面對困境,台灣發展出許多辯論,獨立。但是面對中國可能的壓迫,獨立是個危險的選項,因此也有發展出中立獨立的選項。無論何種選項</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">,都是大型的工程和挑戰。</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">「常聽台灣人說,現在台灣的問題,都是中國打壓台灣。」講者反問各位,「難道其他國家,都沒有其他國家壓迫?就被和平獨立了嗎?」</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">歐洲有名的中立國,瑞士,便是一個常被大家引用的例子。</span><span lang="UZ-CYR" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">今天我們眼中的歐洲小巨人</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">,</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">從早期為歐洲各國輸出傭兵到後來發展自己的精工科技</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">,</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">培養一流的工科大學</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">,</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">以強硬的金融手段和外交政策創造了自己在世界上難以威嚇</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">,</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">無法取代的地位。他的中立國的地位並非是靠著自己宣稱中立便隨手可得</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">,</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">所謂的中立也不是不選立場</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">,</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">而是能</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">夠</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">創造自己的立場,面對強權而不改其志。</span><span lang="UZ-CYR" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">另外我們印象中的孤立國北韓也未必像我們想像的那麼孤立。</span><span lang="UZ-CYR" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">在外交上北韓擁有</span><span lang="UZ-CYR" style="font-family: 新細明體;">164</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">個邦交國</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">,</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">目前是中華民國的</span><span lang="UZ-CYR" style="font-family: 新細明體;">9</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">倍。雖然其經濟欠佳</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">,</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">但擁有豐富的天然資源</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">,</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">也以武力的方式為自己在國際外交上取得了無法忽視的國際話與權。</span><span lang="UZ-CYR" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">台灣雖然在國際地理上處於一個重要的位置,但目前仍沒有一個清楚的國際戰略。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">台灣</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">尚未據有成為中立國的決心,也難以面對自己在中華民國框架下只能被不斷孤立的事實,並且常常留於已是獨立國家的想像。</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></div>
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<span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 11pt;">台灣有著超越一般小國的人口數量和經濟規模,有著令人驕傲的民主和社福制度,但若要在這瞬息萬變的國際社會下生存</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 11pt;">,</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 11pt;">便要審慎思考自己的國際策略。</span></div>
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<span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">而小國的戰略從來就不是跟強者比拳頭,就像是瑞士是與各國官要建立金脈連結而非比拼軍備競賽</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">。</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">另外,小國的戰略也包含在外交上建立實質的互利關係。以日本來</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">說</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">,</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">他們花了相當多的心力在國際援助</span><span lang="UZ-CYR" style="font-family: 新細明體;">(Official
Development Assistant, ODA)</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">上</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">,</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">讓自己最優秀的人才在世界各國駐點,以教育和地方基礎建設的方式</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">,</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">讓日本與發展中國家建立深刻的連結</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">。</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">在自身教育上</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">,</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">日本小學也有國際理解教育</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">,</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">讓小學生與各國來的在日留學生有相互認識理解的機會,以跳</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: "クレー ミディアム"; mso-hansi-font-family: "クレー ミディアム";">脫</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">課本裡的片面資訊。</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體;"> </span><span lang="UZ-CYR" style="font-family: 新細明體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">在台灣的我們,必須不斷的思考自己在現今國際的角色</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">,</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">找到適合我們的方式去創造國際連結與自我價</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">值</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">。</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">也只有這樣</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">,</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">這個成功民主國家的世代工程才有可能在台灣這塊土地上實踐。</span><span lang="UZ-CYR" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Gungsuh; mso-hansi-font-family: Gungsuh;">文字稿:Chia-Chien Wu & Yi-ying Chou</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="åå裡å¯è½æ24 å人ãå¾®ç¬ç人ã大家åèå室å
§" height="425" src="https://scontent-lga3-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/37160948_1986777494713709_5473438985525133312_o.jpg?_nc_cat=0&oh=875b0f49055d6a65ecd8bd25bd534e6b&oe=5C0D922C" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">會後與講者合影</td></tr>
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Marburghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08438436788611014690noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-596560882155774768.post-5383890465837180772018-05-21T09:37:00.005-04:002018-11-21T13:49:23.593-05:00情感的向度:記許暉林「文學與技術:重讀《老殘遊記》」<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgXA30xMCUbih3d_kNAjhfF5Dan4EpYB7ecGxTbWeXRTCYNEOSlekiKXQlBQdvfAc3j7k-jl1pXus_6pj6K-F4c-0iMXfZa7Bho-qLBuyXqlUjUnxVx6NPvo4sAfAH_zfjOG1NSjcu0Fnt/s1600/32764282_1907985785926214_1032471788195414016_o.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1190" data-original-width="1588" height="478" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgXA30xMCUbih3d_kNAjhfF5Dan4EpYB7ecGxTbWeXRTCYNEOSlekiKXQlBQdvfAc3j7k-jl1pXus_6pj6K-F4c-0iMXfZa7Bho-qLBuyXqlUjUnxVx6NPvo4sAfAH_zfjOG1NSjcu0Fnt/s640/32764282_1907985785926214_1032471788195414016_o.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">講者許暉林 老師</td></tr>
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◎李時雍<br />
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曾經大河的黃濁,盡成了荒蕪淤地,曾於沿岸腹地而築的城鎮、縣里,有的被夷平,更多的,已然沉沒於汪汪河水的深處。劉鶚手執遠鏡,佇立新堤瞭望,心底想的是大水整治、疏通的辦法,卻也同時憂心著那如同大水漫漶的國家危境。<br />
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這是這午後(2018年5月12日)講者許暉林(臺灣大學中文系副教授)所描述最波瀾壯闊的一幕:中國自明末清初以來,經歷了一場嚴峻的生態劇變,這一條孕育廣大幅員生機的黃河不斷決提;尤其他提到1855年,黃河在河南決口而改道,此前下游於江蘇入海,一改為北方的山東,其間整片大地覆沒,幾百年來發展的河運經濟由此崩潰,「劉鶚作為一個工程師,一生裡,他認為救中國最重要的事情,就是治黃河,就是水的問題。」<br />
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我們或許更熟悉於寫作《老殘遊記》以針砭晚清時弊的作者劉鶚。1857年出生於江蘇六合,1909年五十一歲過世。1903年,他以筆名鴻(洪)都百鍊生,開始發表這部往後成為晚清「四大譴責小說」之一的作品。<br />
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我們或也知道《老殘遊記》除盛名於它對清官誤國的批判,留名的、更在於它寫景敘情的現代性,胡適評價:「《老殘遊記》最擅長的是描寫的技術,無論寫人寫景,作者都不肯用套語爛調,總想鎔鑄新詞,作實地的描畫。」許暉林由此提出了他的問題:「很會描寫風景,和清官可恨之間,到底有什麼關係?」這個意義是什麼?進一步地則引領我們去思考:「小說的寫作背後,究竟隱藏著一個什麼樣的因素,讓寫景和批評,同時成為小說最重要的特色?」我們如何發掘文學背後結構性的因素、驅動之力,以嘗試回答致使小說必然會統攝這兩個部分的解釋。<br />
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許暉林將目光關注於「文學與技術」。亦即劉鶚在作家之外,另一因此讓人矚目的身份,他廣泛涉獵水利、算學、天文等技術之學,並且從事水利與河道工程的整治規劃。在此認識上,許暉林帶領聽者們重新細讀了幾個段落,包括初編第十二回(黃河結冰記)、初編第一回、初編第二回(大明湖記)等,同時考慮劉鶚曾談及治水之難,如「目光之差,或偏左右」、「光線入目,多成弧形」,許暉林指出其在敘景間所呈現視覺經驗的現代性轉折,光學儀器如遠鏡的引入應用,以至觀看的有限性等問題。<br />
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在小說家身處的十九世紀後半、以迄二十世紀初葉,正也是中國內憂外患,屢陷戰爭,諸如鴉片戰爭(1840-1842)、甲午戰爭(1894-1895)、八國聯軍(1900-1901),以及因應之變法(或叛亂)如自強運動(1861-1894)、立憲運動(1861-1895)、義和團運動(1899-1901)、維新變法(1898)的大動盪年代。《老殘遊記》中針砭以玉賢(毓賢)和剛弼(剛毅)之為「清官誤國」的典型人物,藉氾濫疆域的「河水」喻世紀末的「淚水」。<br />
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劉鶚佇立新堤所凝望的眼睛,遂既是工程測量的現代目光、更是小說家之眼。而這樣的疊影,或許正是許暉林關注《老殘遊記》的象徵意義:「文學的意義,不再只是歷史的再現或模擬,小說是一種形式,透過這樣的形式,我們看到了歷史所看不到的東西。」「而科技跟歷史,透過了書寫、敘事的方式被重新思考。創傷、這種跟人的情感的問題,怎麼樣跟科技、文學、歷史,結合在一起談?」於此留給我們持續的追問。<br />
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思索劉鶚寫下的《老殘遊記》,透顯了文學的測繪之術。在劉鶚擘畫出的堤堰設計圖中,浮現的情感的向度。<br />
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(講座錄影1:goo.gl/iv51jR、2:goo.gl/Vq1HGC 、活動影像:<a href="https://goo.gl/39Xqr7">https://goo.gl/39Xqr7</a>)<br />
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活動後合影 <br />
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Marburghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08438436788611014690noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-596560882155774768.post-33980899774006580712018-02-27T22:13:00.002-05:002018-11-05T19:55:07.095-05:00台灣轉型正義的過去、現在與未來:從二二八事件與白色恐怖談起本次波士頓哲五、波士頓台灣同鄉會與FAPA麻州分會共同邀請李怡俐博士來與我們分享她最近幾年的研究。我們一方面回顧台灣轉型正義的路上所面對的挑戰與障礙,在追思往者的同時,也共同探討我們如何走出過去歷史傷痕而邁向更和諧的台灣社會。<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">講者:李怡俐 博士</td></tr>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">活動一開始的自我介紹,我們便被集體的記憶帶回到過去。有的與會者分享自己親眼看見二二八時軍民衝突的畫面;有的訴說自己因為觸犯戒嚴法而被抓去警察局;也有的分享自己家人曾經在戒嚴時期無預警地消失,或被軍法審判,或被捉去關。也有更多的與會者對於長輩們避而不談,選擇遺忘的歷史感到關心。這些經驗分享都凸顯了二二八事件與白色恐怖是台灣人共同的歷史記憶與傷痛,不僅影響著經歷二二八事件與白色恐怖的世代,也同時深深地影響了之後的每個世代。</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">到了今日,我們該如何處理這個集體創傷?這就是轉型正義要做的吧?</span></u></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">首先,講者李怡俐從國際人權法的角度界定了轉型正義的內涵與目標,在此基礎上,聚焦台灣轉型正義的經驗與發展以及未來會面臨的挑戰與機會。</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">就其定義,轉型正義是一個民主體制針對過去威權統治或戰爭脈絡下發生的大規模人權迫害事件,所發動的程序與制度。這套處理的機制內容多元,包含了司法與非司法的各種制度,例如追訴個人責任的刑事審判制度、受害者賠償、真相調查與檢視曾在前威權</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">/</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">共黨政體任職的公務人員是否得繼續任職於民主體制的各種改革機制(註一)。從其定義可得知,轉型正義主要包含了四大核心要素:責任追訴,真相調查,受害賠償與制度改革。在演講中,講者特別提到在台灣,轉型正義常被污名化為政治鬥爭的工具,但</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: #444444;">此一現象嚴重忽略與扭曲轉型正義帶有彌平社會傷痕、促進社會和解與和平發展的功能與價值。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">就轉型正義的目的來看,其最終的目標並非是去圖利</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">/</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">或追究特定的族群,而是去正視集體的過去與未來。因此,講者也特別強調,轉型正義實有兩個層面的目標追求。第一個層面是面對過去的目標:轉型正義的推動是在彌平歷史傷痕與促進社會和諧;第二個層面是面對共同的未來:在民主體制下,轉型正義的推動與落實可以強化與健全民主法治以及憲政人權的發展。當我們在選擇轉型正義的處理機制時,必須反覆檢視集體共同的目標與價值,如此才得以循序漸進地完成轉型正義的目標與建立更穩健的民主憲政體制。</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">然而,台灣的轉型正義,要轉什麼?過去什麼不正義了呢?</span></u></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">相信大多數人對於台灣經歷</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">38</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">年的黨國體制與威權統治並不陌生,但對於當時人權侵害的規模與確切的影響範圍,或許就模糊了。事實上,二二八事件造成的死傷人數,至今成謎。從監察委員楊亮功的二二八事件調查報告與警備總司令所發表的官方數字:死傷上千人,到紐約時報推估與</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">1992</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">年行政院研究報告所列的死傷上萬人(註二)。我們至今還不知道迫害範圍,也顯示台灣轉型正義真相調查的黑數。不僅是二二八事件與其後的三月清鄉行動,在白色恐怖時代下,對於左翼思想組織的打壓,對於台獨主張或民主思想分子的迫害,甚至是對於海外學生的監控(黑名單),都再再顯示當權者侵害人權程度之廣泛。然而迄今,官方也未曾公布過去在白色恐怖時代下政治受害的真正人數。只是從現有的調查資料中,我們可以相信的是,受害人數應在萬人以上。因此,講者也強調,從二二八事件和白色恐怖時期下的人權侵害狀態來看,威權統治下的人權侵害事實上具有跨越性別,族群,年齡,地域與職業的特徵(註三)。</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">對於這樣的過去,歷經民主三十年的台灣,我們轉型正義之路走到哪裡了呢?</span></u></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">講者李怡俐以台灣民主轉型後四位民選總統主政為軸線,回顧迄今台灣轉型正義逾三十年的發展歷程。</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">在李登輝總統主政時期,當時是國民黨政府全面執政的狀態,在社會各界的壓力下,政府啟動台灣的轉型正義工程。例如,政府開始小規模的真相調查(在行政院成立二二八事件研究小組,研究報告為政府後續處理此事件的指摽)。此外,也給予受害者金錢上的補償,如立法院分別在</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">1995</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">年與</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">1998</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">年通過</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">《二二八事件處理及補償條例》與《戒嚴時期不當叛亂暨匪諜審判案件補償條例》,成立「二二八事件基金會」以及成立「戒嚴時期不當叛亂暨匪諜審判案件補償基金會」,專責處理二二八事件與白色恐怖受難者與其家屬補償事宜。然而</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">在這段時期內,最有爭議的是,大法官在</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">1991</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">年作成釋字第</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">272</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">號解釋,該解釋肯認在蔣經國總統時期通過的《動員戡亂時期國家安全法》第</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">9</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">條第</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">2</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">款的合憲性。該條款讓在戒嚴時期受軍法審判有罪判決者,在民主解嚴後也無法上訴或抗告,阻斷受害者透過司法救濟途徑尋求正義、真相、賠償與名譽回復。此一條文也成為日後轉型正義推動上的一大阻礙。</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">在陳水扁總統主政時期,在朝小野大的政治局勢下,儘管陳水扁總統所領導的政府試圖在責任追訴,真相調查,受害賠償與制度改革各方面推動相關法案,但多數法案都遭到阻攔而擱置。總體來說,在陳水扁總統主政時期,轉型正義僅在真相調查與受害賠償方面有重要突破。在受害賠償部分,由原本的金錢賠償拓展到名譽的回復。例如,刪除受害者在戶籍資料中「暴徒,暴民」等不名譽的登記。另外也將《二二八事件處理及補償條例》更名為《二二八事件處理及賠償條例》,從補償到賠償,象徵著政府承認其過失。在真相調查方面,例如,二二八事件基金會在</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">2006</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">年出版《二二八事件責任歸屬報告》,並且,政府相關部門亦解密白色恐怖時期的部份軍法審判資料,並將資料彙整成冊移交國史館。這些資料得以公開並予適當保存,是真相得以浮現重要的關鍵。</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">在馬英九總統主政時期,政府對於台灣的轉型正義呈現消極無作為的態度。唯一的正向進展是,在</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">2011</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">年的戒嚴時期政治受難者紀念追思儀式時,政府將受難者黃溫恭的家書歸還給家屬。講者認為私文書的返還是受害者賠償中很重要的精神彌補。</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">在蔡英文總總主政時期,在民進黨政府首次全面執政的情勢下,轉型正義的發展有許多制度改革上的突破。例如,</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">2016</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">年</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">8</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">月</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">31</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">日「不當黨產處理委員會」的設立;此外,總統向原住民道歉並在總統府下設立「總統府原住民族歷史正義與轉型正義委員會」。更重要的是,在</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">2017</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">司法改革會議中,決議對不當軍法審判之有罪者設立特別的救濟途徑,讓受害者尋求司法平反。</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">2017</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">年底,立法院也通過《促進轉型正義條例》,該條例第</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">6</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">條授權促進轉型正義委員會在符合一定法定條件下,得撤銷受害者的有罪判決。就目前的發展來看,蔡政府在台灣轉型正義上,較有積極的突破性作為。</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">轉型正義之路漫長,面對未來,台灣會有哪些挑戰?又有哪些契機呢?</span></u></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">台灣威權勢力盤根錯節,轉型正義的推行不免引發政治鬥爭,甚至是威權勢力的反撲。講者以婦聯會是否被視為國民黨附隨組織為例,分析了轉型正義中勢力的糾結與轉型正義最終價值的拉扯。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="background: white; color: black;">以婦聯會的案例來看,儘管婦聯會是黨國體制下的產物,但不可否認的是,其組織運作在文教,社福與醫療領域仍有一定程度的成效與貢獻。現今要面對的是,如何在符合憲政規範與民主標準的理念框架下,處理婦聯會的資產與組織,絕非是要清算或是殲滅婦聯會。為此,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">內政部提出三大原則(</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">1) </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">組織改造落實民主</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> (2)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">資產捐國庫</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> (3)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">會務透明接受公共監督,以此協助婦聯會組織改造轉型且解決人事財務上的不透明爭議。講者也提到,在某些團體或個人的眼光下,內政部的作法似乎在「輕放」婦聯會,但講者也提醒,若從實踐轉型正義的最終目標來看(提升整體和諧,體現健全民主),內政部此一帶有和解色彩的處理模式,不正為轉型正義對峙不下的政治局勢帶來另一種發展的可能性,且也為穩定台灣民主憲政帶來一定程度的貢獻嗎?當然,前述的作法最後因婦聯會拒絕簽署行政契約而破局。在婦聯會拒絕簽署與內政部的行政契約後,黨產會也立即判定婦聯會為附隨組織,婦聯會的相關爭議和問題也回歸到不當黨產條例的框架處理。但近來,讓人感到擔憂的訊息是,婦聯會相關帳冊和檔案有可能有滅失銷毀的危險。由此可以想像未來要呈現相關真相的困難度。這或許就是講者所謂是勢力的反撲,轉型正義推行的挑戰吧。</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">即使困難重重,講者仍對台灣轉型正義的持續推動抱持正面的態度。這數十年來,台灣深具人權意識的公民團體逐漸茁壯,例如,台灣人權促進會與台灣民間真相與和解委員會積極地推動促轉條例等法案與監督政府在轉型正義政策與措施。因此,講者也認為台灣社會對於追求真相的集體共識與持續性的關注,會是現今推行轉型正義的最大動力。</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">另外一方面,講者也提到台灣積極加入國際人權公約且將國際人權公約內國法化的趨勢,也有助於轉型正義的推動。自</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">2009</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">年開始,台灣陸續加入了幾個核心國際人權公約,例如:《公民與政治權利國際公約》與《經濟社會文化權利國際公約》,並透過制定公約施行法的方式將其內國法化。國際人權法內國法化的現象。也讓台灣轉型正義的政策與措施得以接受國際人權標準的檢視。在台灣,轉型正義不再是自己關起門來所做的事情,國際社會與人權標準也會發揮一定的監督力量。例如,台灣分別在</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">2013</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">年與</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">2017</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">年舉行兩公約國家報告審查的國際會議,會議結束後,國際人權專家所組成的委員會均提出審查後的結論性意見與建議。在轉型正義的議題上,委員會也一再強調真相權與追求正義權利的重要性(註四)。此外,講者也認為國際人權公約內國法化的現象也給予司法者更多資源處理轉型正義的相關議題。例如,</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">2016</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">年,台北高等行政法院在二二八事件日本籍受害家屬青山惠昭案中引用《公民與政治權利國際公約》第</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">2</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">條第</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">1</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">項與第</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">3</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">項,以及第</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">15</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">號一般性意見書承認二二八事件中具外國人身份的受害者遺族有權請求相關賠償。</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">結語</span></u></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">轉型正義,是一條很長很艱辛的路。就如同傷口消毒,縫合,拆線,每一個步驟都會讓傷口隱隱作痛。但唯有確實地完成每個動作,把傷口扒開,挑出砂粒,癒合的傷口才不會發炎潰爛,也才能完美地結痂。二二八事件與白色恐怖是台灣人的共同歷史傷口,其傷痛並不會因為不哀嚎而消失。如果轉型正義是療傷的途徑,如果轉型正義的目標價值是台灣人所相信的,那,我們就忍痛繼續走下去吧。</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfZFgaYXTfjfLA7Q9WkNh36BkbKX4pW0_8VJImqe-l0WycTskMTVhzypzzsWFucwQFRw4dKLr3ceUKPwrBCUQxHH98ez_2Jz4rXYEZKAjb8Lh78Om4AZwU7hHco3SQF9QRAdRjfKaz6R8/s1600/28548423_10101587337689395_1916994961_o.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfZFgaYXTfjfLA7Q9WkNh36BkbKX4pW0_8VJImqe-l0WycTskMTVhzypzzsWFucwQFRw4dKLr3ceUKPwrBCUQxHH98ez_2Jz4rXYEZKAjb8Lh78Om4AZwU7hHco3SQF9QRAdRjfKaz6R8/s640/28548423_10101587337689395_1916994961_o.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">活動後合影</td></tr>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">註記:</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">註一:</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">United Nations,
2004, The Rule of Law and Transitional Justice in Conflict and Post-Conflict
Societies: Report of the Secretary-General, S/2004/616</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">註二:</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">二二八事件後,監察委員楊亮功的二二八事件調查報告所列的死難人數是:軍人及公務員死傷</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">1,391</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">人、民眾死傷</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">614</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">人。警備總司令所發表的官方數字是死亡</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">398</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">人、受傷</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">2131</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">人、失蹤</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">72</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">人。紐約時報在</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">1947</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">年</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">3</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">月</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">29</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">日的報導數據是約有一萬人在衝突中死亡。</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">1992</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">年</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">2</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">月,行政院研究「二二八事件」小組所公佈的《「二二八事件」研究報告》,以人口學統計方式推估,總計全台及澎湖地區在鎮壓與整肅期間的死亡人數約從一萬八千至二萬八千人之間,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">但這僅是保守的估計結果。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">註三:參見張炎憲與戴寶村教授的相關研究。</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">註四:</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">2013</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">年結論性意見與建議中:第</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">24</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">點:「解嚴之前的壓迫與大規模的人權侵犯事件對台灣社會留下巨大傷害,政府為了撫平歷史傷口採取包括通過二二八事件處理及賠償條例與興建二二八紀念碑等措施。然而,轉型時期尚未結束,需要政府更多作為來促成台灣社會的和解。賠償權應包括被害人在社會與心理層面的復原,也應同時賦予追求真相與正義的權利。」第</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">25</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">點:「國際人權專家亦建議政府應採取揭露白色恐怖年代大規模人權侵犯事件的完整真相。為此,為賠償正義所需,政府亦應確認被害人所經歷的折磨與苦難,並保證被害人與研究人員能夠取用相關的國家檔案。」</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">2017</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">年結論性意見與建議中,第</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">17</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">點指出:「審查委員會肯認在改進過去錯誤的過程中,轉型正義所具有的根本價值。政府提出的立法草案需要有效且直接滿足人民得知真相的權利及解嚴後重獲正義的平反。就這方面而言,政府應保障受害者與研究者能有效取得所有檔案。審查委員會強烈建議政府應及時開啟具包容性的真相與和解程序,並將國安單位包括在內,以探討並反省集體記憶。」</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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筆者:Yi-ying Chou<br />
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Marburghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08438436788611014690noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-596560882155774768.post-2382863534708763592017-12-03T15:00:00.000-05:002018-02-11T09:59:48.883-05:00跨文化身心適應與成長契機<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Cross-cultural Adaptation, Growth, and Potentials</span></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">講者 江孟純</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">現在共同住在美國的我們,可能來自很多不同的地方,帶著很多自己過去的經驗和價值觀,相信每個人在這個過程中,都多多少少經歷了跨文化的適應,這次波士頓哲學非星期五邀請到現為William James College臨床心理系助理教授、臨床心理師的江孟純來分享跨文化的身心適應與成長契機。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">在這個演講的一開始,孟純先分享了自己過去的學習歷程以及和文化適應有關的經驗。我們的大腦有左側也有右側,左側的大腦是所謂的「理性腦」(rational brain),右側的大腦則是所謂的「創意腦」(creative brain),就像是我們的大腦一樣,孟純覺得心理學也同時結合了藝術和科學。在學習心理學的歷程上,有許多對孟純造成影響的人事物,大學時期的她,在台大念心理系,台大心理系較強調「scientific psychology」,包含如何測量、預測並控制各種心理「變項」,當時她做了一個研究探討注意力不足和過動兒童(Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder, ADHD)的心理功能,這個經驗幫助了她了解心理學的許多不同面向,但她始終認為心理學並不只侷限於當今流行的「實證科學」。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">現象學(Phenomenology):</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">在Duquesne University攻讀臨床心理學博士的時候,她開始接觸現象學,何謂現象學呢?現象學在研究不同的「生命現象」,人的各種生活經驗都可以是一種被研究的「現象」,例如焦慮、生氣、或是戀愛的經驗等等。現象學研究的目的,是要建構出一個解釋「主體意識與經驗」的架構,和在台大心理系時所接觸的Scientific psychology相比,Scientific psychology並不特別強調「主觀意識與經驗」,而是強調我們如何從外在的角度來測量、預測和控制,和Scientific psychology較為不同的是,現象學這種強調「主體意識」的研究和每個人所感受到的文化經驗習習相關,舉例來說,在場的每個人,可能都有你們自己和文化適應有關的經驗,而這就是一個現象學可以研究的主題。孟純自己滿喜歡現象學研究,因為現象學的研究會將個人經驗也納入了考量的範圍,而這是人文科學中非常重要的一環。除了屬於現代主義(Modern theory)的現象學,孟純也接觸了以下各種不同的理論。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">後現代理論是對現代主義的一種批判,目的是要「解構」在近代(Modern era,大約是19世紀末期到20世紀初)所形成的各種理論和概念。因為當時的思想家認為這些根據個人經驗所建構出的「理論」並不總是真理,有可能在你的經驗中,你認為美國人就是很無禮,但那僅僅是一部份人的個人經驗,美國人也有百百種,總是會有你沒有體驗到的一部份。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">後現代主義包含Critical Feminist Theory、Critical Race Theory等等,如當今的媒體或生活中討論性別平等或是種族平等的議題,大家可能有聽過”Race does not exist” 或是 ”There is no gender” 這樣的論述。後現代主義認為所謂「性別」和「種族」都是一種被建構出來的概念。舉例來說,你可能可以說相較起美國直來直往的文化,台灣的文化更注重禮貌,但這不總是與個人的主要經驗相呼應,美國也有很有禮貌的人。這些透過個人經驗建構的理論可能的確可以概化到某一部份的情況,但總是會有例外。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">心理分析(Psychoanalysis):</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">在孟純的臨床工作經驗中,她也強烈的被心理分析學派所影響,心理分析是一派心理學的理論,也在臨床上可以應用。心理分析的其中一個假設是潛意識(unconscious) 的存在,源自於佛洛伊德的理論--認為每個人都有潛意識。舉例來說,你可能有類似這樣的經驗:你做出了一些行為,但你不知道自己為什麼做,你也不知道自己做了什麼,代表你當下的行為可能是被你的潛意識所影響。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">在潛意識存在的前提下,佛洛伊德提出了防衛機轉(Defense mechanism),防衛機轉大多都是在潛意識中進行的,人會透過防衛機轉把人與現實的關係稍微改變一下來滿足心理上的需求,或是減少心理上的痛苦或不安。舉例來說,其中一種防衛機轉是投射作用(Projection),也就是我們會以自己的想法去推測別人的想法,當不好意思承認自己有這種想法的時候,我們就把它投射成旁邊的人的想法。例如在逛街的時候,我其實自己很喜歡這件衣服,但我不想承認,所以我就跟我妹妹說,你應該喜歡這件衣服吧!</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">根據潛意識和防衛機轉,佛洛伊德提出了自由聯想法(Free association)和夢的解析(Dream analysis)等治療手法,自由聯想法的假設是我們的想法是互相連結的,透過分析不同想法之間那些「沒有被說出來的連結」,就能了解到潛意識的運作。佛洛伊德也認為潛意識會在夢中出現,例如最近孟純經常夢到搬到Pittsburgh,這些夢也能多多少少反映她目前真實人生中經常出現的想法。孟純雖然沒有全面同意心理分析的所有理論,例如佛洛伊德認為人的命運在五歲前就被決定了,但孟純認為人有很多成長的潛能,不過在臨床上,她經常使用心理分析當作一種「仔細聆聽」個案想法的工具,她自己較為喜歡的一個心理分析的支派,是一個美國心理學家Sullivan所提出的人際理論(Interpersonal theory),尤其是用於探討文化和心理學的交互作用。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">受到許多自己的經驗、不同心理分析門派和理論的影響,孟純目前最有興趣的是個別心理治療(Individual psychotherapy),尤其是任何「非主流」的經驗。目前的社會常常把個體和「常模」做比較,好像你只要沒有落在這個大多數人的常模裡,你就是「不正常」,但孟純並不同意這種想法,她更關注的是如何去了解這些所謂「非主流」的生命經驗,包括有過創傷的人,人格違常、社會上的弱勢族群或是天才,近期她也非常關注和社會正義有關的議題,因為許多心理問題的根本是來自社會的不公義,例如目前在美國社會中常見的海洛因或鴉片類物質濫用的問題,其實都源自於整個社會結構不公的問題,如果我們能從系統面著手,或許可以一次改善更多人的情況。另外,由於目前社會大眾對於心理治療的誤解,孟純也對於成人教育(Adult psychoeducation)很有興趣。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">文化適應</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">在開始今天和跨文化適應有關的主題之前,孟純請聽眾和旁邊的人相互了解一下,並聊聊今天想學到的內容,以下是聽眾分享的一些想法:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">當我們接觸到一個新的文化時,我們到底應該保留多少自己原先的文化,和接收多少新的文化呢?</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">不同的生命階段和扮演不同的角色會如何影響你的經驗</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">當你到一個新的地方,你可能會有一些期待,但當你實際遇到的情況和期待不同的時候,你該怎麼處理?</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">如何面對自己或他人對不同族群的刻板印象?</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">今天的主題是文化適應,首先,我們必須先聊聊何謂「文化」,在開始討論何謂文化之前,孟純想先提醒大家盡量避免把你看到的事情視為理所當然,也呼應前面現象學所提及的概念:「每個人的主觀經驗都是重要的」,我們也可以從每個人的主觀經驗中學到很多不同的事情。主觀經驗的重要性可以從最近用Netflix的一個影集「Mindhunter」來當做例子,Mindhunter是在描述兩個FBI探員為了逮補連續殺人犯,所以嘗試去推理:為什麼連續殺人犯想殺人?,過程中FBI探員們就是透過訪問許多連續殺人犯的個人主觀經驗來逐步推敲犯案動機,這也是現在FBI其中一個行為分析部門的工作。那到底何謂「文化」呢?根據Merriam-Webster字典,「文化」可以是某一個特定社會、團體、地點或是時間的信仰、習俗、藝術等等,舉例來說,三十年前的台灣文化和現在的台灣文化,可能因為時間的流逝,與 大家心想的台灣文化有了很大的不同。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">跨文化的心理學理論(Cross-cultural psychology)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">心理學上最早研究文化的流派是跨文化心理學(Cross-cultural psychology)。這個學派的理論希望借由更精確的討論文化來測量並預測人的行為,並更知道怎麼提供幫助給需要的人。Oberg在1960年提出文化衝擊(Cultural shock)的概念,像剛剛聽眾所提到的,有時候你的期待和現實不符,所以你會受到一些衝擊,這是一個很初期的想法,當時他們將文化衝擊視為一個必須被「矯正」的負面思維。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">1997年時,被認為是跨文化心理學之父的John Berry提出了一個文化適應壓力(Acculturative stress)的概念,當你到了一個新的環境(例如到了一個新的工作環境),你可能會覺得壓力很大,所以你需要有一些「策略」來降低壓力。這個文化適應模式(Model of acculturation)包含兩個面向:(一)你有多想維持和原先文化的連結?(二)你有多想學習和接受新的文化?孟純分享了她自己的經驗,在她剛來美國的時候,她只和家人講中文,其他的時間她都盡量使用英文,所以她當時想維持和原先文化的連結程度是很低的,當時的她對於到了一個新的地方覺得非常興奮,也很想把握任何學習美國文化的機會,所以她當時想學習新文化的程度是很高的。根據這兩個面向和兩種不同的程度,Berry提出了四種文化適應的「策略」,分別是整合(integration)、同化(assimilation)、隔離(separation)、和邊緣化(marginalization),如下表。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">對自己原先文化的認同感 </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(Identification with heritage culture)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">高</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">低</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">對美國文化的認同</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(identification with new culture)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">高</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">整合 (integration)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">同化 (assimilation)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">低</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">隔離 (separation)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">邊緣化 (marginalization)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">雖然這個模式好像可以快速的將人的經驗分類到不同的策略,但孟純對這個模式有一些反思,首先,根據這個模式,「因為到了新環境而感受到壓力」好像是一個必須被矯正的問題,但或許這只是一個多數人的自然反應,而許多以西方文化為主的理論也都有類似的問題,就是他們好像認為大家都「必須」喜歡西方文化才是好的適應成果。另外,這個模式也假設在面對壓力時有一個「最佳策略」的存在,然而,我們真的會有那麼一天達到所謂的「整合」嗎?孟純再度分享了自己的經驗,即便在美國許多年,很多時候當美國朋友熱烈的聊起成長過程中的共同回憶,由於她並沒有這些共同回憶,她仍覺得陌生,然而,當她回台灣時和家人朋友聊起最近台灣發生的事,她也覺得很陌生。這個模式中的「整合」好像隱約暗示著:「最好的你,就是能夠在兩個文化中完美整合的你」,但這真的對所有人來說都是最好的嗎?</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">發展模式(Developmental Model)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">一些其他的學者則提出了自我身份認同的發展模式(Developmental Model)來解釋文化適應的過程,在發展模式中,文化適應可以被視為一個「隨著時間改變,你的經驗持續改變」的過程,而這個持續改變的過程就是成長和發生契機的基礎。Atkinson等人提出一個五階段模式(Five stage model)來描繪一個種族和文化身份認同的發展歷程(如下圖)。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">這個五階段模式中的第一個階段,是尋求和主流文化的一致性(Conformity),例如你到了一個新的工作環境,你可能會先觀察一下辦公室的主流文化是什麼,並嘗試融入這個主流文化;第二個階段是發現不和諧(Dissonance),隨著時間流逝,你可能會漸漸發現這個主流文化有些你不喜歡的問題;第三個階段是你可能會開始抗拒主流文化並反而想要更靠近你原先的文化(Resistance and immersion)。舉例來說,剛到美國的時候你可能會為了盡快融入主流文化,而跟著調整你的飲食習慣(第一階段),但過了一陣子,你真的覺得你沒那麼喜歡美國的飲食(第二階段),於是你開始懷念起家鄉的滷肉飯(第三階段)。在這一連串的經驗中,你邁入第四的階段,你開始思考自己之前的行為、思考自己未來該怎麼做(introspection),接著你邁入了最後一個階段:自我覺察(Synergistic articulation & awareness),比起剛來美國的你,現在的你更能清楚的解釋自己的原生文化和美國文化的相同和相異,且你更清楚的知道你是如何整合兩種不同文化的。Kim根據這個五階段模式,也進一步針對亞裔美國人的身份文化認同提出了以下的模式,提供給大家當一個額外的參考(如下圖)。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">現在的你,又是在哪個階段呢?你認為這個模式是否完整,或是否少了什麼呢?針對這個自我身份認同的發展模式,孟純也提出了她的反思,首先,發展歷程是否總是線性發展呢?舉例來說,很多移民到了美國,根本沒打算要盡快融入主流文化;另外,不同階段可能會根據你的經驗和想法而反覆出現,或有時候你以為你已經知道你要怎麼融合兩個文化,但可能突然發生了一些事件又讓你回到了抵抗的階段。第二,是否發展的最終目標就是要找到一個穩定的平衡點呢?孟純認為生活中新的經驗總是會帶給你一些衝擊或改變。第三,這些模式都只反映了個人的身份認同歷程,但文化通常包含了一群人的互動和經驗,當你在探討單一個人的文化適應歷程時,也必須將當時的情境也納入考量,例如當時的社會經濟、政治情況、國家背景等等。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">透過介紹這麼多種心理學模式,我們可以發現沒有哪一個模式是最完美的,但這些不同的模式的存在,的確提供了我們一個共通的語言來討論文化適應的心理歷程,例如發展模式中提到的一個自我檢視(introspection)的概念,在這個自我檢視的經驗中,是否也提供了我們個人心智成長的機會呢?</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">文化心理學(Cultural psychology)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">最後,還有一個和文化適應有關的理論是文化心理學(Cultural psychology),這個理論認為心理學的本身就是文化,文化和心理學是無法切割的,且他們都深受歷史情境的影響,另外,文化並非一個固定且單一的概念,差異的存在是非常重要的。Schweder在2000年發表了一本書「Thinking through culture」,首先,他認為「Thinking by means of the other」是很重要的,當我們在思考文化差異的時候,你必須要考量並瞭解對方所處的和你不同的文化,並認真了解對方的經驗;第二,「Getting the other straight」,我們常常對其他人做出很多假設,並以為自己真的了解對方,但那些假設不一定是真實的,你必須確定你真的理解對方的意思,尤其是在面對來自不同文化的人,我們更應避免用自己既有的假設去假想對方的意思;第三,「deconstructing and going beyond the other」,在了解對方的觀點後,再進一步解構這些意思並探討對方更深入的想法;最後,「witnessing in the context of engagement with the other」,因為人的行為和想法會受到情境的影響,所以若你能親身見證那個對方所經歷的那個情境是更好的。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">而這些文化心理學的想法如何在日常生活中實際幫助我們呢?Derrida提出了「differánce」的想法,這是一個英文difference的變形,所謂「differánce」,就是相似但又不完全相同的一個概念。舉例來說,隨著你待在美國的時間越來越長,你可能會和美國文化裡的其他人有越來越多相似之處,但在此同時,你們還是有不同的地方,不過你們又不是完全不同。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">總結</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">在文化適應上,雖然我們可能有一些相似的時空背景,但每個人都擁有自己獨特的經驗,所以就相信你的直覺吧!不用強迫自己一定要怎麼做才是最好的,請相信你自己當下心之所向。「和別人不同」這件事,其實也提供了很多個人心智成長的機會,許多研究都指出當工作場合有來自各式各樣文化背景和各式各樣專業的人,可以促進創造力和更好的產品。擁有跨文化經驗的優點是我們在思考上有更多的彈性,相較起只有單一文化經驗的人來說,你可能會比較容易在不同文化和情境中轉換,並找到對你來說最有效的方式,另外,你可能也在合作上對其他工作夥伴有更多的同理心。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">針對自我照顧(self-care)的建議</span></span></div>
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<li>發展自我認識是一個不斷進行中的過程</li>
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<li>世界上有百百種不同的身份認同</li>
<li>自我成長的過程中會有一些「生長痛」也是很正常的。「當你覺得某件事情很難的時候,你其實又成長了一些。」</li>
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<li>需要時間、經歷和主動的參與去學習和成長</li>
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<li>讓自己因為自己的成長而感到驚喜</li>
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<li>好好的過每一天是很重要的,包括充足的睡眠、吃營養的食物、多喝水和規律運動</li>
<li>有社群的支持也是很重要的,找到朋友是很重要的,但每個人都有最適合自己交朋友的方式。</li>
<li>專業支持可以促進你的心智成長並進一步增加你對自己的了解</li>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">臨床心理學的迷思</span></span></div>
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<li>只有「瘋子」才需要心理治療?</li>
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<li>每個人都可以透過心理治療來進一步發展成更完整的自己</li>
<li>適應新情況可能會讓人覺得頗有壓力,但不等於這個人就「生病」了或是「瘋了」</li>
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<li>人會心理生病是因為他們太軟弱?</li>
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<li>和所有其他的疾病一樣,生理因子或是環境因子都會影響心理疾病的發生,你通常不會對一個感冒的人或是需要動手術的人說,你就是太軟弱了才會生病。</li>
<li>多年的臨床經驗,讓孟純相信社會結構上的壓迫,是把人推向黑暗的一個重要原因之一</li>
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<li>任何人只要有心,都可以靠自己克服心理疾病?</li>
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<li>人人都有某種程度克服環境壓力的韌性;但若有更嚴重的心理不適可考慮專業的協助</li>
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<li>只要笑就會快樂了嗎?</li>
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<li>有許多不同的理論都在探討表情和情緒的連結</li>
<li>但如果正在經歷臨床上憂鬱的感受,硬是逼他透過笑來假裝自己是高興的,可能反而適得其反。若對自己能有更符合實際情況的瞭解,可能才是比較有幫助的。</li>
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<li>有心理疾病的人通常都比較暴力?</li>
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<li>流行病學的研究指出:90%以上的有嚴重的心理疾病的人,從來都沒有暴力行為(Hodgins et al., 1996),只有3-5%的暴力犯罪是由有嚴重心理疾病的人造成的(Monahan, 1006; Walsh, Buchanan,& Fahy, 2001)。</li>
<li>有思覺失調(Schizophrenia,舊譯精神分裂)的患者,反而更容易成為暴力犯罪的受害者(Teplin, McClelland, Abram, & Weiner, 2005)</li>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">提問:我們要如何確定自己能提供需要幫助的人真正的幫助呢?</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">回應:其實大家可以想想看你平常會如何關心生理上生病的朋友呢?你可以說:「現在的情況真的滿困難的,我們都會在這裡陪伴你,如果你需要幫助的話可以讓我們知道」,或是問問看對方希望我們怎樣陪伴他度過這段時間,而不是只跟他們說「多笑點你就沒事了。」陪伴的過程中盡量誠實的面對對方,如果對方說了什麼讓你覺得很受傷的話,你也可以分享你的真實感受。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">提問:在印度的文化中,對於心理疾病和接受相關的服務都被污名化,即便只是使用「尋求專業協助」這個詞都還是有很多污名化的問題。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">回應:就污名化來說,人們需要更了解「到底尋求心理相關的服務」的真實面相是什麼;就用詞來說,在溝通的時候可以因地適宜的選擇對方當下比較能接受的詞。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">提問:從心理學的角度來說,有更多不同的文化經驗是否對心理健康有正向影響呢?</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">回應:面對新的經驗時,會感到驚訝都是很正常的,和多種不同文化有互動的經驗,可能會讓你比較有能力用不同的角度去看事情,所以你的想法可能會比較開闊,但當然也有可能第一次接觸新的文化的經驗太負面了,造成人們不想再回想這個經驗。根據每個人對自己的優缺點的了解,大家可以衡量是否現在要先降低生活的壓力,或是你有足夠的韌性去面對這個挑戰。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">提問:你對自己的身份認同是否在某個年紀或是生命階段之後就會比較固定了呢?</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">回應:每個人都可以有多於一種的身份認同,你對自己的身份認同也可能會隨著時間和經驗而改變,孟純舉例來說,現在她的「台灣人認同」,和她剛搬來美國的「台灣人認同」的意涵已經很不同了。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">提問:如果你沒有一個讓你覺得有歸屬感的社群,你該怎麼辦?</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">回應:這也是為什麼我認為社會結構上的不公平是很危險的,例如說五十年前的美國,你甚至不能和不同種族的人結婚,那這些跨種族婚姻的人,就很難找到能讓他們有歸屬感的社群。孟純提到她最近看過的一部電影「The Imitation Game」,雖然主角是個對社會有非常大貢獻的天才,因為當時的社會不能接受同志、甚至視同志為有罪,造成主要極大的痛苦導致自殺,就是個社會不公義導致個人悲劇的例子。實際上,你可能需要有策略性的保護自己,例如台灣同志婚姻不合法,所以有些人就選擇離開台灣、搬來美國這個同志婚姻合法的地方,來確保個人有結婚的權利。但如果沒辦法離開這個地方,人們就得思考其他方式來保護自己、找到歸屬感。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">提問:如何處理/回應種族歧視的問題</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">回應:我們剛剛有講到”Thinking through others.”,如果你想要說服某個人,必須要先嘗試了解他們的想法和為什麼他們會這麼想?例如在美國的共和黨和民主黨是很難溝通的,如果有機會去了解對方的想法,你可能會發現其實很多共和黨支持者的確是認為川普讓經濟更好了。雖然他們的想法不一定與你的想法一致,但至少你先知道他們在想什麼,接著你可以再問問那他們的健康保險呢?是否也比較好了呢?你只能提供不同的想法提供對方參考,然後讓對方自己決定自己的行為,畢竟沒有人喜歡被直接說「你該怎麼做」或是「你錯了」。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">提問:現在因為網路,人們更容易可以看到和回應來自全世界的人的想法,這個情況是否導致我們更分裂,或其實反而是比較好的?</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">回應:對於這一點,孟純並不知道是否有研究鑽研明確的答案。就經驗上來說,網路可能可以帶來正向的影響,也可能帶來負向的影響,隨著時代快速的演進,現在和二十年後的情況可能又會非常不同。但在使用社群媒體上,孟純提醒大家避免一直待在同溫層,導致自己越來越難接觸到不同的意見。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">提問:有沒有什麼建議是可以提供給跨文化的年輕孩子?</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">回應:每個人都有一定程度的韌性,尤其是孩子也有很強大的韌性,你要相信孩子會學習和成長,而孩子在這個過程中需要的是一個可以讓他們一直感受到愛與支持的地方,身為一個在旁邊支持的大人,並不一定要非常批判性的指出孩子做對了或是做錯了。現在的研究認為,孩子可以有犯錯的機會,而家長可以設定一個界線,但這個界線要根據情境而有彈性。若你觀察到孩子開始拒絕上學,吃飯睡覺也出現障礙,這時必須及早尋求專業的協助。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">提問:心理學上常提到「預測」行為或表現,那我們要怎麼確定這個預測能更準確?</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">回應:舉例來說,上次的美國總統大選,也有很多的「預測」,可能過程中多少有預測正確,但最後還是錯了,沒有什麼事情是可以被100%預測的。預測可以幫助人們 對於不同文化的基礎了解,但就算是同樣文化的人也有各自不同的經驗。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">提問:當你察覺到自己無法在兩個文化中完全整合的時候,是否曾感到憂鬱呢?</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">回應:我們必須先釐清「憂鬱」的定義,在這個過程中,你可能會覺得有點寂寞,我們每天的生活和心情也總是起起伏伏,如果你有幾天覺得心情比較低落是很常見的。當然如果這個情況持續了很久的時間,那就必須有所警覺。</span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img height="384" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/BbAGqcOohGI6Yegl6HoqOT_SJaXmYISFbjI6iGMlvLI48G3mLQhfzsGDBZnsEZ1MYQZPA4vZAM3rImnAZGMsf0cMLEDrQ3MiS-wh3wflxtFTcoQKoPWzE0bdMNXqC-2DbUX9MFxFz9Q4LDszsA" style="border: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="576" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">與會合影</td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">文字: I-Ting Hwang</span></div>
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<span style="color: #353535; font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">攝影: Margaret Wey, Chia-Chun Chung</span></span></div>
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Chiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15396393080234702748noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-596560882155774768.post-92096804787968297462017-09-06T21:58:00.001-04:002017-09-06T21:58:30.522-04:00風雷如何殘響?冷戰下的保釣文學與國族敘事<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1d2129; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">引言</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1d2129; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1d2129; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 2014 年太陽花運動後,越來越多年輕人參與社會運動,但如何引導每次社會事件的民氣,將其動能實質轉換、達成政治訴求,或是如何整合社會運動中不同聲音,台灣社會仍持續努力。很高興請到</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">哈佛燕京學社訪問學者張政傑,目前於日本名古屋大學攻讀博士的他,以六零年代台灣的保釣運動為例,探討當時時空背景下,台灣年輕人如何對抗政治困境,藉此映照今時年輕一輩面對的現況 。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">源起</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 政傑說,碩士班他主要研究大江健次郎的小說,身為唯二諾貝爾文學獎得主的日本人,其作品大多描繪二戰後日本受美軍控管,日本人帶著屈辱,渴望復興大和民族的心情。例如「人羊」中,敘述 50 年代一位去做法文家教的大學生,搭乘一班滿載疲累上班族與工人的公車,於灰暗的夜晚撞破霧氣前行,暗喻被美軍佔領的日本面對未來的茫然。大學生朝最後一排座位走去,恰巧遇上一群醉酒的美軍與一名日本妓女以日英文交雜吵架,妓女憤怒地說:「我不想再跟你們這些野獸來往!」「我寧願選擇他。」妓女指著大學生說道,突然公車顛簸了一下,妓女雖抓住大學生的手仍不穩跌倒。兩名美軍趁機質問大學生為何粗暴地對待女性,逼迫大學生趴下並脫下其褲子,拍打他屁股高唱「人羊」這首歌,歌曲描述出航的水手將帶上船的羊隻當作洩慾的工具。這群美軍最後迫使其他日本乘客也脫下褲子趴倒,拍打乘客們屁股。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 大江另一知名小說「萬延元年的足球隊」,描述 </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1967 年日本鄉村的一對兄弟訓練一支村內年輕人組成的足球隊,企圖對抗資本主義象徵:天皇超市。雖一度發起全村暴動而洗劫天皇超市,但村民逐漸失去熱誠且害怕被追究責任,導致暴動失敗。此小說被認為預言了 1969 年</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">東大安田講堂事件,起因是</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">東京大學醫學生抗議實習制度的變革,因為學校處理不當,引發全共鬥佔據東京大學,封鎖校園要求校方進行談判,從單純抗議運動演變成大規模的政治事件。政傑笑稱大江健次郎作品過於黑暗,所以他博士論文換了題目。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">如何檢視歷史事件</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 2012 年台灣發生陳為廷丟鞋嗆教育部長、文林苑、反旺中媒體壟斷和華隆罷工諸多社會運動。政傑那時在名古屋大學唸書,日本時任東京都知事石原慎太郎,宣布釣魚台收編國有,使中日關係降到谷底。中國動員兩三百艘漁船包圍釣魚台,於海上與日本海上保安廳對峙。為抗議日本舉動,台灣中國不約而同在節日期間,特別強調釣魚台是各自領土的一部分。與日本同學討論這事件時,政傑發現日本年輕一代對過去日本學運不僅不了解,往往還帶有負面印象。台灣年輕一代也是如此,太陽花運動前,年輕人對學運的印象僅有野百合運動,2008 年野草莓運動,並未達成其訴求而少人所知,遑論更久遠前的保釣運動。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">政傑認為,受到媒體與歷史文獻影像的影響,人們回顧歷史事件時,容易將其發生的原因、造成的後果扁平化、單一化。倘如大家皆用此種方式看待歷史事件,東亞各國容易民族主義化,愛國主義盛行之下,各國極易發生衝突。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">台灣保釣運動與冷戰意識</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 2012 年中國開始保釣運動,但保釣運動於 1971 年的台灣已經開始。釣魚台紛爭追溯至冷戰時期,為圍堵蘇俄勢力,1971 年美日安保條約續約,沖繩回歸日本政府統治,釣魚台隸屬沖繩的一部分,日本政府因而宣稱擁有其主權。香港僑生首先至美國大使館抗議,美國的台灣留學生也同步於海外聲援,然隨美日簽訂條約,保釣運動暫時告一段落。</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 想知道當時人們面對的社會氛圍,必須先暸解何謂冷戰意識型態,對峙雙方一邊是共產陣營,另一邊則是自由民主的資本主義陣營。但政傑請大家仔細思考,相對共產主義的應是資本主義,兩者為政府管控經濟的不同策略,而資本主義陣營卻打著自由民主的大旗宣傳經濟發展至上的概念,更以此抹黑打壓共產主義。若分析對現代化的貢獻,共產陣營並不比資本主義陣營少。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 釣魚台問題在冷戰時期以反共為優先的前提下,被美日中台擱置,沒有進行協商溝通而遺留至今未能解決。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 冷戰意識形態仍影響世界局勢,只是改換不同的名稱,資本主義改為新自由主義,強調自由市場,反對國家對國內經濟干預,支持透過國際組織和條約對其他國家施加政治壓力;共產主義則轉為具有中國特色的社會主義。過去冷戰兩大勢力依舊在全世界角力。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">從劉大任小說談台灣與海外保釣運動</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 政傑舉劉大任著作的兩部小說為例,分析保釣運動前後台灣的時空背景。第一部是「浮游聚落」,述說 60 年代的台灣,主角是名憂鬱徬徨的青年,原本興趣是</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">寫前衛詩,後來認識一群志同道合的朋友成立秘密社團,討論關心政治時事,但面對威權統治卻無能為力,故事以有志難伸的主角出國為結尾,那群朋友則因秘密結社遭人出賣,被捕入獄。政傑說,當時年輕人常有無法參與政治之感,他們用不同方式來消除這些焦慮,投身於前衛藝術創作、出國留學或拍攝電影。和保釣運動同時發生的另一重大事件是鄉土文學論戰,表面上是現代主義與鄉土文學互相辯論,但其中涉及各種國族認同的競爭,包括現代化論、右翼中國國族主義、左翼中國國族主義與台灣本土論等等。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 第二部作品「遠方有風雷」敘說美國的保釣運動,之所以用風雷為標題,政傑解釋「風雷」是毛澤東熱愛的詞彙, 文革時期許多組織行動代號皆有風雷一詞,以表達對毛澤東的崇敬。美國的保釣運動也從文革借鏡,成立和人民公社相似的讀書小組,因此劉大任用風雷作為保釣的代名詞。小說主角是一位當年保釣運動主將的小孩,由於其母親一直不願提起有關主角父親曾參與的學生運動,主角決定到加州灣區調查父親的往事,從主角、主角母親與主角父親三人不同的視角裡,劉大任勾勒出保釣運動的面貌。</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 這兩部作品皆是劉大任的親身經驗改編。不同於劉大任作品的時空背景,另一位保釣作家郭松棻則以 40、50 年代戰後台灣為背景,描寫台灣人民如何適應從日本政府到國民黨政府的轉變。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">政傑認為保釣運動只是個引爆點,根源為二戰後台灣土地上,沒有梳理乾淨的國民黨日本中共三方關係。保釣運動後,國民黨政府為緩解青年的憤怒,1970 年成立救國團,鼓勵年輕人投入山地服務隊。另一方面,一群海外釣運的人轉為支持中國統一運動,負責柏克萊大學保釣運動文宣的郭松棻主張,保釣運動是五四運動的延續,希望進行大規模的文化改革,嘗試以中華民族主義包容左派右派等不同立場的人。</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 然崇敬毛澤東的美國保釣運動左派,郭松棻、劉大任等人,去過中國後,卻發現中共並非理想國度,中國統一夢碎。但他們仍信奉毛澤東思想,最後選擇留在美國。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">結語</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 政傑說,文學究竟試圖傳遞何種意義,他是這麼看待,文學創作提供一個遊戲場域,這場域沒有生產性,無法產生任何實質有用的事物。但也因如此,文學可以不受外在體制影響,停滯下來,才能在看似沒意義的環境中誕生出有意義的東西,即使最終產物不是你的本意。</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 一個社會事件爆發後,大家都試圖以過去已有的理論解讀未知事件,但或許我們該做的是不要急於解釋未知,一起討論思考,也許需要用到從未出現過的理論來解決目前問題。</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 保釣運動仍未過去,台灣還是有一群人信仰保釣運動的核心思想,自認為中國人,不是中共,想要建設中國,完成統一,現在台灣國族認同的爭論,兩邊陣營的思想早在鄉土文學論戰就已提出。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">政傑總結道,做學術不是分辨好壞,是使人更暸解身處的時空背景,最終還是得靠自己判斷做出選擇,期待大家都在清晰思考後做出選擇而非人云亦云。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Q&A</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">富凱問,國民黨支持保釣運動,為何劉大任、郭松棻等人會被列入黑名單?</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">政傑說,保釣運動後來在海外分裂成兩派,一派是支持中華民國,另一派支持共產黨的就被列入黑名單。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">允鍾問到,我們處在歷史事件爆發的當下,因為面對未知處境,只好用已知的民族主義來解決,太陽花運動後,認同台灣人的比例高升,由此來看,民族主義是否也有好處?</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 日本各藩氏透過民族主義統一日本對抗西方列強,但也導致日後侵略東亞、東南亞的後果。左派批評民族主義就是右派,因此是否可以想出改良版的民族主義,左派完全不思考這類的問題。然而在性別平權、種族議題,左右派面對的困境是相同的。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">有觀眾問,中國因素影響下,台灣是否可能擁有開放性的台灣民族主義?歐洲小國的經驗能否作為參考?</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 中國知道他們沒有實質統治台灣,於是利用台胞卡混淆國際視聽。要如何去實質拓展,或許先以沒有名稱的方式持續拓展,等到可以自己正名後,也許未來有新口號、新國號出現。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">觀眾請政傑可否舉例解釋剛剛演講中的這段話,「不受外在體制影響,停滯下來,才能在看似沒意義的環境中誕生出有意義的東西,即使最終產物不是你的本意。」</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 政傑說,70 年代反資本主義陣營,直接選擇現成的馬克思主義來抗衡。但 2011 年佔領華爾街運動,一開始並沒有提出具體目標,開始的目標就是佔領本身,使金融秩序停滯。大家反資本主義,但也知道共產主義不好,不能用其對抗資本主義。於是佔領過程中,現場激盪出新想法,新訴求,跟太陽花運動時現場開會制訂出的新秩序一樣。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
<span id="docs-internal-guid-6181b3f2-5a0e-ab88-1075-b3f871a2d9bf"></span><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 最後政傑說,希望大家透過文學與過去對話,瞭解保釣運動時的人們如何看待保釣運動的心情,文學常常寫得很複雜,不輕易下簡單斷語,但它能讓人清楚自己在哪裡,做出理性選擇。</span></div>
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Chiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15396393080234702748noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-596560882155774768.post-61485897769208743492017-04-30T18:00:00.000-04:002017-06-12T23:40:36.461-04:00從台灣死刑爭議出發談民主審議的倫理<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">引言</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">死刑存廢爭議這幾年在台灣受到社會極大關注,特別當有重大刑事案件發生,此議題總被重新討論檢視。今天很高興請到目前於哈佛燕京學社訪問的中研院副研究員許家馨教授,分享他這幾年參與死刑議題辯論的經驗,並藉此延伸到其他公共議題,討論如何多層次地思考問題,如何創造一個有效率的溝通環境,並與立場相反的團體進行溝通。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">台灣的死刑存廢爭議</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">許家馨老師說,2010 年回復執行死刑前,台灣約莫有四年停止執行死刑。2010年,時任法務部部長的王清峰因宗教因素拒絕執行死刑而辭職下台後,死刑存廢的議題開始被重視。許老師也是從2010年對這議題感興趣並開始思考。老師說,現今此議題上,正反雙方的論述有極大落差,廢死聯盟從司改聯盟分出後,經過高度發展的十年,至今已形成極完善的論述。相較之下,支持死刑的論述這十年間並沒有什麼進展,沒有完整的論述闡明為何支持保留死刑。然而這很正常,畢竟死刑長時間存於人類社會,大眾普遍視其為理所當然的存在,沒有人深思死刑是否有其必要性。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">老師強調,今天演講的目的並不是為了說服在場觀眾支持某一方的論點,重要的是,希望以死刑爭議來討論審議民主的過程中,身為一個公民,該如何多層次地思考議題,如何與對立方有效的溝通。隨著台灣漸漸從威權統治變成民主開放的政府,政府執行任何政策時,說服反方變得越來越重要,像過往政府一紙公文即可強硬執行命令的時代已不復存。因此,正反雙方的溝通極為重要。老師期待,正反雙方縱使不能彼此說服,至少能彼此尊重,肯定合理的歧見。如此一來,政府必須強硬地執行某政策時,可以有更多的正當性。</span></div>
<span id="docs-internal-guid-93ab1c40-9f19-d790-c3bb-bd2fe7f006b2"></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">回到死刑爭議,在一項議題上,如果正反雙方的論述差距過大,對於取得共識或是期待辯論過程中碰撞出更好的想法近乎不可能。論述一面倒的情況下,學術界可以提供更專業與縝密的思路來協助支持死刑方闡述其論點。老師在這幾年參與論辯的過程中,也試圖去慢慢創造出一個雙方可以理性討論的空間。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">從六個層次思考死刑存廢</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 每個人皆可對某議題有個人好惡,但倘若想說服對立方或有效的溝通,需要對一個議題有層次地思考。老師把死刑存廢此議題分為六個層次來思考,每個問題皆會延伸出更多的問題。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">一、「道德原則上是否正當?」這項政策是否符合社會的道德原則?</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">二、「是否違憲?」這二三十年來爭論性議題越來越有可能未來送至司法院審理,這個問題主要牽涉到憲法規範,而非道德規範,儘管二者會互相影響。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">三、「是否是一個好的政策?」這個政策是否滿足立委選區選民的期待?是否對社會有好處,所需成本為何?</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">四、「是否有執行上的困難?」以美國為例,因種族偏見,相同客觀條件下,黑人更易遭判死刑。因此 American law institute (負責擬定重要法規給各州參考的法律團體),在1970年代曾擬定如各州政府決定要有死刑需符合的條件。但現在因種族緣故,即使條件符合、各州仍可能傾向不執行死刑。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">五、「特定政治共同體是否可以執行?」民主或威權政體在執行死刑的正當性並不相同。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-93ab1c40-9f25-0384-169e-180095543500"></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">六、「特定政治共同體是否可以執行?」不同社會有不同的民情,美國有種族問題,日本則相對較小。台灣目前沒有相關研究,唯一與種族相關的事件是1986 年鄒族少年湯英伸因遭雇主欺壓而殺害其一家三口,最終遭槍決,此事件引起社會對於原住民遭漢族欺壓剝削的討論。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-93ab1c40-9f2c-5fd4-2feb-6058c66abc83"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">老師說,如果只願從單一層次思考,難以說服對立方,且易將對立方套入自我想像的刻板印象中。而面對任何議題,過於武斷的二分法都不能促進溝通。舉例來說,老師曾和某支持廢死的朋友討論,老師建議不要將目標訂為一步到位的廢除死刑,或可從限縮死刑的實施開始。不過那位朋友認為並無足夠的理論支持縮限死刑,而廢死議題送到大法官後有機會一步到位,所以不考慮以限縮死刑為目標與對方溝通。但老師說,當支持死刑方擁有更完善的論述,又不願接受其他可能方案時,廢除死刑會越難一步到位。此外,目前仍是民粹政治的台灣,大法官受民意影響極大,當社會大眾多數支持死刑時,期待大法官支持廢除死刑更是難上加難。相對而言,日本有一群律師和學者超越廢死與否的立場差異,合作推動改革日本死刑體制。老師說,無論何種議題,如果能多層次地思考,盟友會比想像的多,可採用的策略也會增加,更容易達成目標。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">死刑思考的歷史</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 在死刑爭議上,目前有幾個主要的理論。首先,功效主義主張刑罰適當與否須考慮是否能對社會多數人有利。因此,從功效主義角度來看,支持死刑方主張死刑可避免該犯人再次犯罪,並有嚇阻作用可避免其他人犯罪,對社會是有益的;而廢死方則主張死刑並無如此遏阻犯罪的效果。其次,本務論主張犯罪者須為其罪行負責而接受刑罰,刑罰是為了將正義與公平回復至犯罪前的狀態。支持死刑方主張一個人殺人的人須承擔被殺的後果,殺人的同時也放棄了自己生存的權利。因此,執行死刑即不再是奪走生命剝奪人權,是殺人者自己放棄了人權應承受的後果;相對的,廢死方主張人性尊嚴是普世價值,生命是神聖而不可侵犯,即使是殺人犯仍有人權,將犯人處決是抹殺其人性尊嚴。最後則是應報論,認為刑罰應與罪責相等,但應報與復仇不同,刑罰不可超過犯人的罪責,不可因為未來有再犯可能而加重刑罰,著重比例原則而不可小罪大罰。因此,支持死刑方主張有些罪責是非處以死刑不可的,如殺人罪。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 老師也提到,在情緒上,支持死刑方常以受害者角度出發,認為如果廢除死刑,將無法平息受害者的痛苦,廢死方則是考量犯人仍有其人權,國家無權剝奪其生命。但老師認為,太多人只因同情某方而快速跳到結論,決定支持何方論述時,過於草率地依靠情緒來判斷。老師說,為避免情緒影響自己的思考,他常思考各種極端的情形,用以檢視自己到底支持哪一方。比如說,老師會思考希特勒犯下如此殘暴的罪行,他值得死刑嗎?如果他值得,廢死論述是否合理?從另一極端例子考慮,湯英伸值得死刑嗎?如果他不值得,支持死刑是否站得住腳?討論任何議題,老師鼓勵大家多多去考慮各種極端的例子來驗證不同論述。</span></div>
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-93ab1c40-9f2d-45f0-c079-a54754f8b1d0"></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 除了情緒因素外,過去歷史記憶也影響這個社會對死刑的態度。二戰後,德國因其歷史因素廢除死刑;相對的,以色列雖然多年來沒有再執行死刑,但並沒有完全廢除其制度,保留對軍事犯及種族屠殺犯的死刑。經歷過白色恐怖的台灣,處理死刑議題時,必須將歷史因素納入考量。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">民主審議的基本格局</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 老師說,民主審議的基本格局應是,公民社會(civil society)、政黨(political party)、媒體( the press) 和 經濟體(economic society) 提供各式各樣的意見到公共論域 (public sphere) 中進行辯論,此過程中,專業社群(expert community) 提供專家學者的意見,辯論後篩選出好的選項,再由政府去擬定法律,執行政策。但台灣在公共政策上,藍綠界線過於分明,受到情緒過多的影響,許多人對於一項政策尚未足夠了解時,便先產生情緒,並受此情緒影響其判斷和論述,導致政策很難進入公眾論域被討論。大家無法理性溝通的後果,便是淪於凡事皆靠數人頭決定,而用強硬的多數決來訂定政策,又引發更大的情緒,政策更無法被理性討論,形成惡性循環。此外,台灣在公共論域上由於解嚴不久,去蕪存菁的能力極弱。再加上台灣的政黨政治力滲透入專家社群,使得專家社群無法擺脫政治意識形態的敵我區分來提出獨立思考的論述。這不僅需要制度上的保障,更需考慮公共領域與公民社會如何培養對多元意見的尊重。在美國社會的現象裡,一個類似的例子就是美國法學院多是自由派的教授,如何保障保守派教授的聲音、使其也能被聽見極為重要。老師期許台灣專家社群能提供專業客觀的意見到公共論域中。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">小結</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">回到死刑存廢議題,老師希望台灣能夠藉此打造一個理性溝通的公共論域,也勉勵大家面對任何議題,都能多層次地思考,不要輕易評斷對錯,不要因為對立方的意見與自己情感上支持的想法不同而輕易動怒、喪失了理性思考與多元溝通的機會。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Q&A</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Q: 現在台灣社會支持與廢除死刑的比例是多少?廢死聯盟有較強的論述,為何支持廢死者仍是少數?廢死聯盟會不會分散司改聯盟的力量?</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A: 在一般民眾支持死刑比例約是80%,社會對於重大犯罪的極刑式懲罰仍是主流價值。但支持廢死者較多專業人士(不代表專業人士多半支持廢死,司法實務界支持死刑的仍多),傾向以無期徒刑代替。老師認為以如此少數的團體能把廢死議題帶動到現在這個程度,廢死聯盟已經做得很棒。此外,廢死聯盟和司改聯盟彼此分工明確,並不會分散力量,相反的,利用廢死這個議題,可以提升社會大眾對於司改議題的關注度。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Q: 只要一想到受害者與其家屬所受到的苦痛就覺得無法支持廢死,該如何去理解廢死方的論述?</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A: 回到剛剛所討論的,從什麼角度去思考問題很重要。我們必須記住一點,國家執行死刑,並不是代替受害者復仇,而是在一個政治共同體中當作仲裁者讓犯罪的人受到應有的懲罰。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Q: 台灣社會適合死刑嗎?</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A: 廢死方常從轉型正義出發,認為過去威權時代有不少冤死案,廢除死刑便能糾正過去政府犯下的錯誤。另一方面,過去威權時代的死刑,是基於嚇阻的目的,為了殺雞儆猴而執行死刑,刑罰與罪責沒有正當的連結。因此,如能重新定義死刑的目的,不一定要廢除死刑。目前台灣司法改革仍未完全,民眾對司法的公正度仍有疑慮。政策上,威權時代結束後應暫緩實施死刑,等社會對司法體制重拾信心,或許可從極小部分,罪行重大的殺人案開始執行死刑,如同以色列般有效限縮死刑的實施,但保留死刑這個選項。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">總結</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">最後主持人瑀嫻也分享個人經驗,以前聽到不同意見時,儘管心裡不同意,可是害怕說出口後引發衝突,因此選擇不說。她鼓勵大家不要害怕衝突,勇於表達不同意見,理性的爭論並不一定要以被情緒左右、激烈爭吵的方式呈現。許老師回應說,司法改革需要持續去推動,過去台灣社會害怕衝突,隨著社會風氣開放,社群中開始出現對立的聲音。但老師希望大家能更進一步,不只表達不同的意見,更可以與對立方對話。人性對衝突接受度很低,因此討論時,要顧慮到對方情緒,營造一個友善的討論環境,讓每個人可以自在地發表不同意見。老師覺得哲學星期五已經是個開放自由的對話空間,期許大家繼續經營下去。</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-qWrs584_kN7SOwUVfzBBDAwLt2zJhC_rEhgaXUv8Rv_ZyxQ7bJ-iqDOLzZXlqwmoHziVTBLXy2S7gGav9kx6jU5N2DR0vIMCTSpsXgAFfGpeNjUHHfj6mCqXw92UAe7GTZTbVCfaVkcI/s1600/DSC03697.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-qWrs584_kN7SOwUVfzBBDAwLt2zJhC_rEhgaXUv8Rv_ZyxQ7bJ-iqDOLzZXlqwmoHziVTBLXy2S7gGav9kx6jU5N2DR0vIMCTSpsXgAFfGpeNjUHHfj6mCqXw92UAe7GTZTbVCfaVkcI/s640/DSC03697.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">與會合影<br />
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<span style="font-size: 12.8px;">協辦: </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">駐波士頓台北經濟文化辦事處教育組, </span><span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">NEACP紐英崙中華專業人員協會</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">文字: Ching-Huan Chen, Meng-Chun Chiang</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">攝影: Chia-Chun Chung</span></div>
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Chiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15396393080234702748noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-596560882155774768.post-69985952580598925982017-04-15T22:41:00.000-04:002017-05-04T22:43:40.317-04:00翻譯「冷戰」:軍事島嶼沖繩與金門的語系文學<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHXFAeAsDGUUNeKWQwCpErXJjdESN8b_izhe7P0zulOF8NFEfquGzYCZVxr3k8tc9Tjc4_7KJTN80gk1oKDkr37HNQhh3jX2upyHHLPNFWc_K33EH-dtcWSthxeSXu93YXlN98XMhbA54C/s1600/DSC03541.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="334" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHXFAeAsDGUUNeKWQwCpErXJjdESN8b_izhe7P0zulOF8NFEfquGzYCZVxr3k8tc9Tjc4_7KJTN80gk1oKDkr37HNQhh3jX2upyHHLPNFWc_K33EH-dtcWSthxeSXu93YXlN98XMhbA54C/s640/DSC03541.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">講者 朱惠足</td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>引言</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">已結束二十餘年美蘇兩大強權對抗的冷戰,仍影響全世界的局勢。今年年初川普當選後,前聯合國大使John Bolton建議美國重新檢視其一中政策,強化與台灣合作關係,以應對中國於南海海域愈發強硬的態度。東亞局勢可能再度陷入兩大勢力對抗的局面,回顧過往冷戰結構的成形與持續至今的影響,使我們能更敏銳地掌握現今國際局勢的變化。今天很高興邀請到正在哈佛東亞系訪問的朱惠足教授,她將以兩座軍事離島,金門與沖繩為背景寫成的四篇小說作為題材,探討這兩座島嶼住民的冷戰歷史記憶,藉此討論冷戰時期台灣及日本受美國帝國主義影響下,中央政府與軍事離島間的矛盾與國族認同差異。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>沖繩文學與台灣文學的相似性</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">選擇這兩座島嶼的原因,朱惠足老師說,金門和沖繩,相對台灣和日本而言,位於邊陲地帶,處在國共與日美兩個勢力中間,皆是遭受外國勢力衝擊的第一線,現代國族認同建構過程中充滿不穩定性。此外,二戰結束後,後現代主義興起,引起大敘事 (Grand Narrative, 註一) 的崩解,隨之興起的,則是強調在地認同,差異性、獨特性的書寫方式。這些離島在地文學提供一個切入點,用以探討在地認同的過程中,所產生的種族、性別、階級衝突。朱教授引述任教於美國康乃爾大學酒井直樹 (Naoki Sakai) 教授的理論,翻譯的體制 (Regime of Translation, 註二),反思語言與國族認同的建構性。酒井直樹指出,一般認為翻譯是在兩個均質的語言統一體之間,進行透明的傳達,並在翻譯之後,回溯性地將原本就存在的不可化約性,認知為這兩個封閉實體之間的鴻溝、裂痕或界線,進而製造出「語言」、「民族」、「國家」等集團式主體想像。因此,本演講討論離島文學中的冷戰書寫,如何以沖繩和金門為本位而發聲,試圖挑戰日本國族主義及台灣國族主義 (反共反蘇聯主義),揭露日本與台灣國族認同的建構過程,以及此過程中長期被壓抑的內在衝突與矛盾。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">註一:大敘事此概念是由法國哲學家李歐塔 (Jean-François Lyotard) 提出,指一個社會中,用來連結各獨立歷史事件,合理化總體社會歷史發展的理念,個人性的經驗將不具有獨立的意義。每個社會都有其大敘事,例如冷戰時的台灣,生活中一切事物必須服從「反共大陸」此大敘事,萬年國代,白色恐怖皆可視為這個大敘事的產物。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">註二:酒井直樹教授理論原文片段摘錄,“Through the labor of the translator, the incommensurability as difference that calls for the service of the translator in the first place is negotiated and worked on. In other words, the work of translation is a practice by which the initial discontinuity between the addresser and the addressee is made continuous and recognizable. In this respect, translation is just like other social practices that render the points of discontinuity in social formation continuous. Only retrospectively and after translation, therefore, can we recognize the initial incommensurability as a gap, crevice, or border. But when represented as a gap, it is no longer incommensurate.” (Naoki Sakai, 1997)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b> 沖繩背景</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">沖繩在1945年沖繩島戰役後由美軍接管,冷戰時期作為美國跨太平洋的軍事供給基地。但二戰結束後,美軍在沖繩犯下的刑事案件層出不窮,反美軍基地並回歸日本成為沖繩的主流民意。1972年沖繩回歸日本政府統治,然而沖繩人民期望的撤除美軍基地,隨著美日安保條約簽定,日本中央政府與美國為圍堵蘇俄,仍保留沖繩的美軍基地。時至今日,沖繩僅佔日本領土的0.6%,卻擁有超過六成的駐日美軍基地。而美軍基地所帶來的生態及文化資產的破壞,以及美軍對沖繩人民犯下的刑事案件,使得近年來沖繩民族自決、反美軍基地運動始終未停。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>又吉榮喜「被喬治射殺的山豬」</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">曾獲得1996年第114回芥川龍之介賞的沖繩作家又吉榮喜所寫的 「ジョージが射殺した猪」(被喬治射殺的山豬)這篇小說,以一個美國白人士兵,喬治,為第一人稱,敘述他於沖繩美軍基地的經歷。小說描述喬治和他朋友約翰在酒吧時,因不滿陪酒小姐只圍在從越南戰場回來的美軍士兵桌邊,於是約翰毆打小姐並拖至廁所強暴,事後付錢就擺平此事,之後喬治和約翰誤入都是黑人美軍的酒吧遭到搶劫毆打。小說描寫喬治被困在沖繩受訓的苦悶,一方面由於遠在美國的女友期待他有所成就,一方面是不知何時才能被派去越南戰場打仗。站著衛兵哨的喬治越想越苦悶,他看著鐵絲網外拾荒的老人,心想:他看起來好像越共,反正亞洲人長得都跟猴子一樣,殺了他也沒關係吧,到時只要說我把他誤認為山豬就好。想著想著,他便開槍射殺那個老人。小說中,喬治從暴力的旁觀者、受害者,最後成為暴力的執行者,表達美軍普通士兵必須藉由酒精、性與暴力才能消解戰爭帶來的不安與焦慮,喬治是迷惘的,也是冷戰下的受害者,小說這樣描述酒吧衝突的場景,「全部的酒孃吧女將喬治他們圍住,不知在叫嚷什麼?有懇求聲、有叫囂聲,也雜有哀怨的聲音,喬治丈二金剛摸不著頭緒。」此外,受強暴的舞女,遭射殺的老人,更反映那美軍擁有治外法權的時空下,白人是如何看待與欺壓沖繩人民。又吉榮喜在小說中,以日文翻譯描寫喬治所說的英文,沖繩人說的日文在喬治為第一人稱的視角下,反而被視作外國語,無法被喬治所理解。這樣的敘事手法,隱喻長久以來沖繩主體的意見被日本中央政府忽視。為圍堵蘇聯,沖繩成為美國的軍事殖民地,即使美軍治外法權侵害日本國家主權,但日本卻協助鞏固沖繩的美軍基地,讓沖繩住民承受絕大部分美軍基地帶來的人權侵害。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>崎山多美「孤島夢一人獨白」</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">崎山多美所寫的 「孤島夢ドゥチュイムニ」(孤島夢一人獨白),這篇小說以一名菲律賓裔的美軍士兵和沖繩女子所生的私生女瑪莉亞為主角,敘述越戰時期的沖繩。小說中出身沖繩底層的瑪莉亞與一名成長於高度經濟發展期,戰後民主和平的日本的攝影師相遇,作者藉由兩人鮮明的對比,來表達沖繩人與日本人的差異性。他們相遇於一個由廢棄美軍A片電影院改建成的劇院,瑪莉亞正演出一幕獨白戲,戲中她ㄧ人站在一個24小時營業的漫畫咖啡廳,周圍放著漫畫小說,其中包含小林善紀所著的書。小林善紀是位希望恢復二戰前日本精神的右翼份子,其主張為日本的殖民統治替殖民地帶來現代化,讓東亞從英美帝國主義得到解放,他並主張建立以日本為核心的亞洲新秩序。崎山多美藉此暗示日本軍國主義未完全消失。文中也不時穿插沖繩語與沖繩式日文,在這樣充滿美軍與沖繩語的異國背景下,說著日文的混血兒瑪莉亞,仍視自己為日本人,再次凸顯冷戰背景下,沖繩住民失去自身主體性屈服於日本國族認同。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>小結</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">以沖繩語書寫和敘說沖繩所受美軍文化衝擊的在地故事,兩位作者嘗試擺脫冷戰時的日本國族主義與美國帝國主義,建立沖繩的在地主體性。但儘管近年來有反對邊野古新美軍基地運動,日漸高漲的沖繩民族自決運動,由於沖繩經濟極度依賴</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">日本政府以補償駐沖繩美軍基地為名,每年撥出的沖繩振興預算,沖繩經濟越仰賴這項援助,就越難實現撤除美軍基地的要求。此外,2016年開始實施被現任總理安倍晉三強行通過的新安保法,未來自衛隊將可向他國軍隊提供後方支援,自衛隊在海外的活動因此擴大到全球規模。日本軍國主義可能重新復甦的狀況下,沖繩會不會再次成為美日利益交換下的犧牲品?沖繩如何擺脫依賴日本經援而實現民族自決與擺脫美國軍事基地?沖繩面對的處境值得台灣借鏡參考。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>金門背景</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">二戰後,1948年金門進入戒嚴,由於隨後爆發的古寧頭戰役,金門全境進入軍管時期。1953年改為實施軍政一體化的戰地政務體制,對金門人民影響甚鉅,金門縣長由金防部司令官指派,不允許組織地方民意機關,全島成年男女皆納入民防組訓,接受保密防諜的反共教育。金門做為牽制中共的防禦前線,在台灣本島解嚴後五年,才在1992年解除長達43年的戒嚴與實施36年的戰地政務實驗。2001年則作為以合法方式直接往來兩岸之始的門戶,開辦與廈門的小三通。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>黃克全「四個故事」</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">小說主要描述主角聽聞父親於戒嚴時期,與一友人,進夫,於吃完喜酒的回家路上被軍官懷疑是釋放照明彈的匪諜,押至太武山審訊的往事。隨著父親對這段回憶四次不同的敘述,暗喻父親遭受刑求的往事。朱老師說,雖然主角父親每次回憶都會增添一些片段,但主角不時強調,「我這樣子說,並沒有懷疑父親在哪一次故事中的講述當中隱瞞、撒謊或者記憶不清的意思。」顯示這些增添的片段隱含他種意思。例如他父親回憶起看到乩童作法要安祖厝的儀式,「銅針插在童乩的喙酺。」其實暗喻受國軍刑求的場景,諷刺的是,乩童將銅針插在身上,是為顯示他們有神明護體,不怕任何傷害;但本該保護人民的國軍,卻用銅針來傷害人民。主角父親不願想起的原因,除了想忘記創傷經驗外,更蘊含在戒嚴時期,不可批判國軍,一切須得以國族大義為優先的時空背景。小說末段,主角父親第四次敘述這段往事,大伙不時質疑他故事準確性時,「照明彈、探照燈、銅針、童乩,我在講啥貨?我記得一清二楚?我這不是在眠夢喔,啊———」主角父親終於受不了而發狂地喊出聲來,他不知道他是誰,他的記憶是否為真。這樣片段與狂亂的敘事手法,更顯示金門住民長期處在平時即戰時,軍人與平民身份模糊不清,中共與國民黨勢力交界的時空下,身份認同的錯亂,以及為反共愛國的犧牲。令人難過的是,像主角父親這樣的人,故事中除他兒子外,沒有人相信他的回憶,暗喻金門住民所遭受的傷痛被台灣本島忽略。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>吳鈞堯「破」</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">這篇小說敘述主角從台灣重遊他兒時的生活環境,而回憶起許多往事。小說分成三大部分,第一部分看似尋常地述說家族女性的過往,實則隱喻冷戰時期國共的關係。首先是曾被誤認已斷氣的主角二伯母,治喪時忽然打個噴嚏又活過來的往事,驚懼了全家人。朱老師說,這可解讀為韓戰前,本已岌岌可危的台灣,因為韓戰死而復生。接著是主角的祖母繞著全村大罵不知是誰家的牛偷吃家中的四季豆,但始終沒有人承認是他們養的牛。這段暗示國民黨政府塑造一個不存在的偷吃莊稼物的牛 (共匪),讓全村的人都要警惕 (小心匪諜就在你身邊!)。最後是主角回憶起一段妯娌吵架的過程,兩人都揚言喝農藥自殺,最後一個人死了但另一個人卻沒喝下去,來暗喻國共冷戰。第二部分是主角回憶起那些台灣役男偷窺他堂嫂以及意淫雜貨店女孩的往事與金門八三一特約茶室,「當一艘艘軍艦從遙遠的高雄港駛來,帶『槍』的人在顛簸的浪中就開始在想跟『槍』有關的麻煩事。」藉由金門女性成為台灣本島役男的性慾發洩對象,除了表示在戰時,父權壓迫女性的社會外,更暗指金門成為小三通,與中國商業來往的門戶,用以滿足台商想要進入中國市場的慾望。最後一部分則描述一個民間傳說,被台灣役男始亂終棄而死的女鬼,產下一名鬼嬰兒,女鬼四處飄浮乞求奶水給她出生至今沒喝過半滴奶水的孩子。「那是個不可以笑的嬰兒,最好也不要哭,最好一直安安靜靜枕在母親的懷裡,當一個不知道自己是鬼的鬼。」 小說中這樣描述,實則是訴說金門這座軍事離島,在兩岸關係已開放的現在,遭台灣政府拋棄。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>小結</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 兩篇小說藉由描述金門做為軍事前線的日常生活與社會,揭露冷戰期間金門住民所受的歷史創傷。金門的定位從兩岸軍事衝突前線到兩岸經濟交流後門,這些轉變都只是為滿足台灣本島的需求。但台灣國族主義卻往往將這些軍事離島排除在外,在建立台灣國族認同的過程中,值得深思的是,離島住民的歷史經驗與國族認同和台灣本島間的差異性。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Q&A</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">朱老師演講完後,觀眾熱烈地發問。ㄧ觀眾提問,他父親是受日本教育長大,至今仍以日本人自居,有意無意間,始終認為日本出產製造的事物是最好的。請問該如何面對這樣的自我認同?</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">朱老師認為台灣去殖民化尚未開始,目前政治主流似乎只重視批判國民黨,但並未真正檢討日本殖民的那段歷史。諸如此前蔡英文政府提出的「新南向政策」,這個概念即是受二戰時日本侵略華南、台灣及東南亞的南進政策影響。表示台灣仍自詡為受過美日帝國殖民的先進國家,視東南亞國家為次等地區,要反省這種以準帝國自居的思想,才能真正脫離冷戰結構的影響。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">也有觀眾問到,近年台灣本島年輕一代嘗試跳脫國共內戰的中國正統之爭,開始以台灣本位思考,她很好奇金門的年輕一代是否也有相同趨勢?</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">朱老師說就她所知,吳鈞堯之後並沒有新一輩的金門作家出現。但老師再次強調,雖然台灣本島年輕一輩沒有經歷過反共、冷戰的時期,不代表冷戰勢力已完全消失,她有感於台灣教育對於全球歷史整體脈絡的不足,期許我們能以天然獨的精神,好好了解冷戰時期台灣與世界關係的歷史。 </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">有觀眾問到,在台灣擁有如此多元族群下,該如何建立以台灣主體的認同?</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">朱老師說,重點是尊重多元文化,拋除福佬人本位主義,不要歧視原住民新住民,也去了解無論本省人外省人,都是白色恐怖的受害者。更進一步,藉由閱讀文學,我們知道在戒嚴時期,海峽另一端的中國人也受到同樣的歷史創傷,國家暴力是有同時代性的。真正去了解每個不同族群,才能建立一個包容多元文化的台灣認同。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>結語</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">最後,朱老師說,由於歷史因素,台灣一直沒有明確的國族認同,但也因此,在世界其他地區在建立國族認同時,許多內在衝突受國族主義大敘事壓制而不被看見;相對而言,台灣這些衝突並沒有受到壓抑,讓我們有機會去面對、處理台灣在地化的過程中,種族、性別、階級的內在衝突與矛盾。朱老師希望大家持續保持對權力的批判精神,在建立台灣主體認同的過程中,走出自己的一條路。</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEVK1C2f7PjjejylrQY0FuxhRgS32XHyJeabtp6ClLcSp1RK2KphLoePlT3HWxLMz4GADlR_MOzEqSK0AY3Jbcf6u_5K-AZJDz-_b8VQC0SG9LIrWFaiywYJ1YYB8fZX6ASUFYd8k56EBG/s1600/DSC03590.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="334" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEVK1C2f7PjjejylrQY0FuxhRgS32XHyJeabtp6ClLcSp1RK2KphLoePlT3HWxLMz4GADlR_MOzEqSK0AY3Jbcf6u_5K-AZJDz-_b8VQC0SG9LIrWFaiywYJ1YYB8fZX6ASUFYd8k56EBG/s640/DSC03590.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">與會合影</td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">協辦: <span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal;">駐波士頓台北經濟文化辦事處教育組, </span><span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal;">NEACP紐英崙中華專業人員協會</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">文字: Ching-Huan Chen</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">攝影: Chia-Chun Chung</span></span></div>
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Chiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15396393080234702748noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-596560882155774768.post-16778033063778205342017-02-11T15:00:00.000-05:002017-02-14T10:27:33.002-05:00遇見阿洛 ─ 我的母語,我的音樂,我是誰<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPXN5SZN5pSUVoUw7elEThZXIoFI6Y8_pugI-ssvd1oxflgXt3c4HvZKVPjR6H8d99pAfT5MYFUuF3k_xsV5AEv2yl_esFZYLxWabzOdFzmFHrN_gxPXWbx2hgiC_xC_EYWH_4imn4vIaV/s1600/DSC03271-001.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="336" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPXN5SZN5pSUVoUw7elEThZXIoFI6Y8_pugI-ssvd1oxflgXt3c4HvZKVPjR6H8d99pAfT5MYFUuF3k_xsV5AEv2yl_esFZYLxWabzOdFzmFHrN_gxPXWbx2hgiC_xC_EYWH_4imn4vIaV/s640/DSC03271-001.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">主講人 <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-366a29c0-3a03-cfa9-0248-b658fc7faa76"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ado Kaliting Pacidal</span></span> </span> 及特別來賓<span style="font-family: inherit;"> DJ Hatfield</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 週六午後,提早半小時來到活動現場,隨工作人員指示將椅子圍成一大圈,一邊聽 Ado 跟樂團排練。「Oh~ Oh~ Hay-Yan~ Oh~ Oh~ Hay-Yan~」看 Ado 身體自由擺動輕鬆地哼著歌,可以預期 Ado 將在接下來這三小時,讓觀眾感受到同樣的心情。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">主持人孟純簡單開場後,按照哲學星期五的慣例,每一位觀眾會輪流自我介紹。今天卻特別不同,Ado 說:「我要教大家阿美族的方法,用唱歌來自我介紹。」她示範唱著:「Gee~~~ Ado Gee~ Ado Gee~ Ado Gee~ Ado」,她唱完後,其他人必須重複兩次「Gee~ Ado」,表示將祝福送給這位自我介紹的人。Ado 說:「每一個人都要試試這樣的方式。」現場起了一陣騷動,不少人臉色微微不自在,甚或有些人躲到後排座位去。「阿美族的神話說,人類生下來就該唱歌的,不愛唱歌的人,你們是不是常常胸口悶悶的,可能會有呼吸道的疾病喔。」現場一陣大笑。於是 Ado 拿著麥克風走過每一位觀眾,帶領大家自我介紹,不時抽問觀眾說:剛剛自我介紹的那個人叫什麼名字?儘管聽得出來很多人不常於大庭廣眾前唱歌,有些發顫走音,但走過一圈後,現場氣氛也漸漸地輕鬆自在起來。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ado 演唱一首歌後,一位領養阿美族男孩的美國母親問道,如何讓她的孩子在海外能接觸阿美族文化以及語言?那位母親說小男孩過於害羞不敢現身,希望 Ado 在活動結束後可以跟他私下碰面。「沒關係,這是正常的,阿美族的男生本來就比女生害羞。」Ado 笑答,Ado 表示現在網路上有許多影片,她在原住民電視台也有主持節目,皆是很方便的資源。「其實我自己也是長大後,再度學會說阿美族語,這會是個很長的故事,大家想不想聽?」全場觀眾異口同聲地說當然想聽!「我上小學以前一直以為全世界只有一種語言,那就是阿美族語,上了小學後,才知道原來世界上還有另一種語言,漢語(北京話)。」上課第一天,老師要全班同學輪流上台介紹自己,卻不是以 Ado 熟悉的方式和語言,濃濃的原住民腔漢語,更成為全班的笑柄,班上男同學在下課後繼續模仿 Ado 的腔調嘲弄她。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">那時還不懂得霸凌和歧視這兩個詞的 Ado,經歷這樣的事件後,下定決心要學好漢語,死記硬背老師發的演講比賽的講稿,獲得代表學校出賽的資格。卻仍有同學質疑:「老師,Ado 根本不是中國人,是山地人,憑什麼參加比賽。」Ado 示範當時如何比賽,當她以字正腔圓地語調說出:「校長~老師~各位同學~大~家~好~今天我演講的題目是—如何做一個堂堂正正的中國人。」全場都被逗樂了。但 Ado 說:「從那時開始,我覺得講母語是一件很可恥的事。」 Ado 把精力完全投入學習漢語,成功地考取中文系。可是她再不說阿美族語了,即使回去探望外公外婆,仍以漢語回答他們。Ado 那時心裡想:「如果說著跟漢人一樣流利的漢語,能夠站在台上以漢語演講,那些歧視能否就此消失?」</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">抱持這樣的想法直到大學一年級,Ado 因外公過世而回去奔喪。喪禮結束後,Ado 想用阿美族語來安慰不懂漢語的外婆。她想對外婆說:外婆,我馬上要回台北念書,你不要太難過,好好保重身體。Ado 想:「這簡單的幾句話,縱使很久沒講,應該沒問題。」但要開口的瞬間,她想不起這些話要如何用阿美族語表達,最後,結結巴巴地留下一句:我要回台北了。Ado 在客運上一路哭著回到台北,她說:那時外婆一定難受至極,從小無話不談的孫女,居然再也不願用阿美族語溝通。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ado 開始重新思考自己到底是誰,偶然讀到法國黑人哲學家法農(Frantz Fanon)所著的 <黑皮膚,白面具 </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Black Skin, White Masks</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">>,書中一句話引起 Ado 共鳴,「當我講著流利的法語,我突然覺得自己的膚色變白了。」從荷蘭西班牙一直到清朝日本國民黨政府的殖民,原住民被稱作次等的生番,高山族,山地同胞。恐懼殖民者而強迫自己去學習熟稔他們的語言,或許是以說阿美族語為恥的深層原因,Ado 如此說著,身為原住民是件值得驕傲的事,她重新拾起阿美族語,不再以為恥。彼時原住民運動正興,Ado 加入街頭抗爭的行列,1994 年原住民正名運動成功,原住民從此不再被稱呼為山地同胞,身分證上也可使用族名。Ado 從林佩蓉恢復為阿洛.卡力亭.巴奇辣(Ado.Kaliting.Pacidal)。這時觀眾問:「你的名字代表什麼意義?」Ado 說:Kaliting 是她母親的名字,而 Pacidal 意謂太陽,表示他們是奉太陽為守護神的氏族。「Ado 這名字的由來是個很長的故事,想聽嗎?」Ado 笑著問,大家仍是相同熱烈的回應:想!</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">很久以前,阿美族祖先和天神起衝突,天神一怒下起暴雨,村莊氾濫,村中長老拜託一位名叫 Ado 的年輕女孩,請求她去安撫天神。於是 Ado 站上村中最高的山丘,對天神開始唱歌,唱啊唱啊,不停歇,天神最終被她的毅力感動,停止這場暴雨。Ado 說:「我的長輩替我取了這個名字,並不是希望我很會唱歌,而是期許我能做一個堅持不放棄,善良願意幫助別人的人。」</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">有感於族裡的年輕人不再講阿美族語,聚會中皆放著日韓的流行歌曲,Ado 開始以阿美族語填詞,譜上流行音樂的曲風。音樂是一個能帶動流行的媒介,Ado 笑著說,我想扭轉年輕一代的想法,說阿美族語可以是一件很 Fashionable 的事。她拿出一張不久前發行的電音單曲,封面是她一頭藍紫色短髮,眼睛周圍與臉頰上點綴黑色圖騰的刺青,「這樣是不是有 Lady Gaga 或是 Rihanna的風格?」全場大笑。有時在唱片行還會看到這張專輯被歸於西洋流行音樂區,曾走在街頭抗爭的最前線的 Ado,嘶聲竭力地喊著:恢復我們的母語。但她發現,這張電音單曲帶來的影響力,比街頭抗爭大多了,她說:「我現在不斷告訴自己要有自信,要對自己的文化有信心,大家覺得原住民音樂不時尚沒關係,我來做引領潮流的那個人。」</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">有觀眾建議是否考慮嘗試一曲兩詞,阿美族語和漢語,或許可以擴大歌曲的流行程度。Ado 答道,她並不介意填漢語歌詞,英文也無妨,都不會改變歌曲蘊藏的精神。但她說:漢語與阿美族語的音節組成方式很不相同,阿美族語其實與英文比較接近,「阿美族語講快一點其實也很像法語喔,再次證明阿美族語是 internatioanl language。」Ado 逗著大家。填兩種詞會需要譜兩首曲子,等於創作兩首不同的歌,那便失去一曲兩詞的本意,而更深一層的考量是,阿美族語或終將消失,如能趁現在多創作幾首歌曲,當作阿美族留給這個世界珍貴的禮物吧,Ado 淡淡地說著。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRoi9bXEsPjXg9xF8B22AOMSkLgsaAfu10ge7I34dPO1qmTL03QGqeiuCNpKZpIC4SsuFnlOpp3SpB0jpGo2kbN8naM-sQN7chngtEMI-bfp_gQT9C3IK0XGjf3wnApMsZcbR3VT73VKvB/s1600/DSC03399-001.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="334" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRoi9bXEsPjXg9xF8B22AOMSkLgsaAfu10ge7I34dPO1qmTL03QGqeiuCNpKZpIC4SsuFnlOpp3SpB0jpGo2kbN8naM-sQN7chngtEMI-bfp_gQT9C3IK0XGjf3wnApMsZcbR3VT73VKvB/s640/DSC03399-001.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">與 World Music Ensemble 合奏</span></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">中場休息後,Ado 又表演了幾首歌曲,讓人印象最深的,歌名叫 BaSiWaLi (意譯:望向東方),講述二戰時被日本強迫派到前線的阿美族年輕人,知道當第一束光線從東方出現之際,必須向他父母與故鄉告別,他知道無法抵抗命運的安排,請他爸媽不必為他擔心,照顧好自己的身體。Ado 嘹亮的歌聲在鋼琴,吉他,大提琴,tabla drum,合唱團的伴奏中,傾訴無可奈何的心境。「現在開始我要教大家唱歌跳舞啦。」Ado 活潑地說道,首先是一首 Ado 只花十分鐘寫成的歌曲,背景是小時候 Ado 受傷時,她爸爸總會指著 Ado 的傷口說:Oh Oh PuShh,一邊以手在她傷口上方虛捏像是捉起一把沙子,然後向一旁灑出,她爸爸會問:你現在還痛嗎?我已經把你的疼痛轉移走啦。當 Ado 感到沮喪難受時,想起她父親這樣的方法,於是有了這首歌,</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">「Oh~ Oh~ Hay-Yan~ Oh~ Oh~ Hay-Yan~</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Oh~ Oh~ Hay-Yan~ Oh~ Oh~ Hay-Yan~</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Hay-Yan~ Hay-Yan~ I-Yan~ I-Yan~ Hay-Yan~</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Hay-Yan~~ Wuuuuuuu~~~~</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> I-Yan~ I-Yan~ Hay-Yan~」</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">學會這首歌後,大家圍成一圈,兩手分別和相隔一人的人牽手,如此一來,相鄰的兩個人便會肩併肩,「這樣牽手的方式,可以讓我們更貼近兩旁的人,感受身邊夥伴的律動步伐歌聲呼吸,給予彼此力量。」Ado 解釋接下來的歌曲的意涵,阿美族歌曲中很多對唱的歌曲,她會擔任領唱,是負責祈福的人,而大家則擔任回唱,將力量借給領唱,幫助她祈福。接著便是三首對唱歌曲,一群來自台灣美國印度不同國家的人,一邊踩著步伐,一邊應和 Ado 的嗓音,「有人的嘴巴還張不夠開喔!」Ado 不時開玩笑地提醒,阿美族憲法有規定,唱歌時身體必須跟著擺動,請不要違法。「不要管旁邊的人怎麼跳怎麼唱,自由發揮走出自己的路!」Ado 喊著,現場有如慶典的氛圍,結束後每個人都汗流浹背,但一開場那拘束憋扭的氛圍已悄無聲息地消失,多久沒有放鬆地擺動身軀,大聲唱歌,不在意安全距離地與陌生人如此貼近。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">最後 Ado 感謝道:今天很高興能以最擅長的方式,舞蹈和音樂,與大家對談,謝謝大家熱情地用歌聲舞步回應她。「阿美族祖靈一定沒想到,有一天他們的音樂舞蹈會律動在波士頓。」</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">回程在地鐵上,口中不由哼起,「Oh~ Oh~ Hay-Yan」,Ado 說:希望這首歌能撫平傷痛,安慰每個在城市打拼的靈魂。我想著,母語對人類而言到底是什麼呢?是在嗷嗷待哺時期,母親用來安撫嬰孩哼頌的語言吧。而之所以會莫名地感到痛苦悲傷,是不是因為忘記了母語,忘記了用來撫平傷痛的語言,所以感到不安,感到傷口無法癒合的焦躁。但當哼起母語的歌曲,我們重新記起了自己是誰,從何而來,於是我們又回到了家。「I-Yan~ I-Yan~ Hay-Yan~」</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNuVidFIq7-DC19VgMZGRKVL63DSwymdntS4yS8LnwbVALy731k7eqW20NH5mf4n7ZbR1o7zy5Tb9yUE4HtHErD7JASlq3NV5tCEEtRtOIe0MG8c8POSyV0wkmxfdKVOJswMH7V1RCG-2K/s1600/DSC03471-001.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="338" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNuVidFIq7-DC19VgMZGRKVL63DSwymdntS4yS8LnwbVALy731k7eqW20NH5mf4n7ZbR1o7zy5Tb9yUE4HtHErD7JASlq3NV5tCEEtRtOIe0MG8c8POSyV0wkmxfdKVOJswMH7V1RCG-2K/s640/DSC03471-001.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">與會合影</span></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #353535; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">聯合主辦: Dudley World Music Ensemble at Harvard, 哈佛台灣同學會, 波士頓哲學星期五
文字: Ching-Huan Chen</span></div>
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<span style="color: #353535; font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">攝影: Chia-Chun Chung</span></span></div>
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Chiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15396393080234702748noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-596560882155774768.post-84947581677116645662016-12-06T22:27:00.002-05:002017-02-13T18:57:51.229-05:00在自己的位置,遍地開花<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnGOM7raXMqYKtVNGx-xo3BK4yNCLZtTYHNAVPjvk-WMiHamkpiw2DCEWe-xyoodZTWA8KQUF3grEtIL6My6lUJ2My7IJthIItBDtxpxVbQIfhuY_63Xznk2c9iUUHm2n__4pwX4AwXbU/s1600/Lawyer_Lo_4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="247" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnGOM7raXMqYKtVNGx-xo3BK4yNCLZtTYHNAVPjvk-WMiHamkpiw2DCEWe-xyoodZTWA8KQUF3grEtIL6My6lUJ2My7IJthIItBDtxpxVbQIfhuY_63Xznk2c9iUUHm2n__4pwX4AwXbU/s400/Lawyer_Lo_4.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2013年底,多元成家立法草案在立法院一讀通過,同性婚姻的議題首次同時在民間與媒體獲得關注以及引發了激烈的辯論。今天,2016年底,民進黨完全執政後,婚姻平權法案二度進入議會一讀已過,在二讀之前遭受阻礙,因為支持陣營的的要求以開兩場公聽會的方式使雙方能夠進行溝通,但其爭論的激烈程度絲毫沒有減少。波士頓哲學星期五在2015年五月有幸請到了</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">多元成家法案起草人之一陸詩薇律師,在當時的脈絡下</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">和我們分享她長年推動婚姻平權的經驗以及看法。</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgi6DY_WXJMNPjBJMaey2dSvNLgcFCXLnALy6EM1iKKycvZq5Q0zSLTR0fyf6Ts_CmyF1poc7C-ukwobFmJfcJ5veSLyJHTMN1GltFocRjB1goAM1q-sBuLub69VFrgw2HzlNgHqmWsd70/s1600/lawyer_Lu05.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgi6DY_WXJMNPjBJMaey2dSvNLgcFCXLnALy6EM1iKKycvZq5Q0zSLTR0fyf6Ts_CmyF1poc7C-ukwobFmJfcJ5veSLyJHTMN1GltFocRjB1goAM1q-sBuLub69VFrgw2HzlNgHqmWsd70/s400/lawyer_Lu05.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">講者陸詩薇律師</td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">陸律師小時候返台,受到當時台北市婦女救援基金會雜誌的影響,想要為華西街雛妓以及台籍慰安婦爭取權利,就立志將來要成為一名人權律師。不論是雛妓與慰安婦的救援工作、到後來的婦權、婚姻平權或更廣泛的人權問題的解決,最重要的因素就是同理心。只有同理心,才能在巨大的社會歧見中找到出路。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">我們現在享有的種種權利,從來不是憑空落下,而是無數前人犧牲與奮鬥的結果。因為柯媽媽事件,我們才會有了強制汽車責任;因為葉永鋕事件,教育部才推動性別教育平等法,明確揭示各級學校打造性別平等的環境 (</span><a href="https://goo.gl/cahuj8" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://goo.gl/cahuj8</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">);因為彭婉如事件,我們也才有了性侵害防治法;因為鄧如雯事件,才催生了家庭暴力防治法;不用說更早之前為了言論自由而遭打壓的雷震與甚至犧牲生命的鄭南榕等人。今天,我們看似自然不過的權利,過去它們都曾是遙不可及的奢侈夢想。現在的婚姻平權,並沒有太大的不同。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">婚姻平權事實上也不是一個全新的議題。早在1958年12月19日就有聯合報投書詢問:「一位女性該如何與相愛的另一位女性伴侶結婚?」台灣第一位公開出櫃的同志祁家威,從1986年到今天都還活躍地在爭取台灣同性婚權,三十年來被國家與民間人士以違背社會善良風俗否決他的訴求。2007年有女同志欲以合法管道領養小孩,但是法院卻以小孩必須承受社會的歧視與壓迫為理由駁回了。即便到了2015年,高雄開放了戶政事務的「陽光註記」,可以在所內記事欄位註記同志伴侶身份,卻也停於宣示而沒有法律實質效力。</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmIvUw5NTCO9G-fagBIS1kowpWqG-giTIYx7v5R8dcIOwS5RsVyLc7k60VVTANM8c02pcOoyt8ahTyQh7xjbuP7IGuuGkL3AumjKxPlIJy0G5JWLZNXMnsL2Wd98UWMST5WIX1R473uwk/s1600/Lawyer+Lo-3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmIvUw5NTCO9G-fagBIS1kowpWqG-giTIYx7v5R8dcIOwS5RsVyLc7k60VVTANM8c02pcOoyt8ahTyQh7xjbuP7IGuuGkL3AumjKxPlIJy0G5JWLZNXMnsL2Wd98UWMST5WIX1R473uwk/s320/Lawyer+Lo-3.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">在討論平權時,常伴隨制定專法的爭論。透過修改民法的結婚要件,精神上是消去過去對於性別的限制與分類,讓不管是哪種性別的人,都能進入婚姻體制享有憲法上的相同權利。制定專法, 一般而言是為了賦予特定團體更多的保障,然而同志婚姻的專法卻是相反的要縮限他們平等的權利。即使是給予同志伴侶比異性戀夫妻更好的權利而制定專法也是一樣的。婚姻平權並不是為了跟上時代潮流與世界接軌,也不是要給哪一個特定團體享有特殊待遇,而是要讓任何人在婚姻這選項上都有首肯與拒絕的平等權利。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">最後筆者想分享2015年底美國聯邦最高法院,在通過同性婚姻合法時,大法官Anthony Kennedy的判詞一文:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“No union is more profound than marriage, for it embodies the highest ideals of love, fidelity, devotion, sacrifice, and family. In forming a marital union, two people become something greater than once they were. As some of the petitioners in these cases demonstrate, marriage embodies a love that may endure even past death. It would misunderstand these men and women to say they disrespect the idea of marriage. Their plea is that they do respect it, respect it so deeply that they seek to find its fulfillment for themselves. Their hope is not to be condemned to live in loneliness, excluded from one of civilization’s oldest institutions. They ask for equal dignity in the eyes of the law. The Constitution grants them that right.”</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #232323; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(沒有什麼比婚姻的結合更加深遠的了。婚姻承載了愛、忠誠、奉獻、犧牲和家庭的最高理想。在婚姻締結的過程中,讓原先分離的兩人成為了更好的自己。正如本案幾位請願者所證明的,婚姻甚至體現了超越生死的愛。若說他們藐視婚姻的真諦無非是種誤解。他們所請求的,正是表達了其對婚姻的敬重之深,深至努力追求而親身實踐。這種冀盼不應被宣判孤獨終老,而被文明最古老的體制排除在外。他們請求在法律之前有平等的尊嚴,而憲法賦予了他們這項權利。)</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">與會合影 2015年</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">活動海報:Julie Wang</span></div>
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Marburghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08438436788611014690noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-596560882155774768.post-63547470502966918622016-12-04T18:00:00.000-05:002017-06-29T12:18:20.831-04:00香港本土意識的發展與香港的過去現在未來<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">講者 劉以正</td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">引言</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2014的香港雨傘運動引發港人爭取民主的一波浪潮,面對中國勢力的威脅,台灣與香港追求民主自決過程中遭遇相同困境。今天很高興請到前香港大學學生會會刊「學苑」的總編輯劉以正來演講,目前正於 Tuft University 作為交換學生的他,於香港出生長大,就讀香港大學四年級,主修國際關係與歷史。他將介紹香港本土意識的發展演變,分享香港年輕一輩對香港未來的展望。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">香港本土主義興起</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">首先,劉以正闡明為何香港本土主義在這時間點高漲。2008年是香港人自我認同為中國人認同度最高的一年。同年的北京奧運提升了香港人對中國的認同感。劉以正說,當年他也以身為祖國一份子感到驕傲。但最新調查顯示,在18到30歲的人之間,有40%的人支持港獨。劉以正從三個角度切入來討論為何年輕一輩的香港人對中國認同的快速下降。首先,一國兩制出現問題,近年因自由行、持單程証來港的新移民人數不斷上升,嚴重影響香港本身的醫療與商業經濟。其次,中國不顧基本法,強行介入香港國民教育,試圖將中國化的史觀放入國民教育課綱。此外,2011年修建廣深港高速鐵路工程的過程中,政府想要強行拆遷橫台山菜園村,引起當地居民不滿。這兩次事件均引發極大的抗爭行動。香港人從中逐漸感受到中國試圖推動中港融合,改變香港原有的生活面貌。最後,是大家較熟悉的2014 雨傘運動,香港人發起一系列爭取真普選的公民抗爭。劉以正說,由於這些事件,90後的香港年輕一代漸漸對於傳統回歸派或是民主派的主張感到不滿,他們也重新思考看待中國的態度,認為在基本法的保護下,除了外交與軍事,中國不應該介入香港的任何事物。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 接著,劉以正提到香港民主發展過程中,遇到的最大困難便是習近平的態度,他認為,中國仍以帝國自居,想做文化的輸出者,建立中央集權的國家,即使你不住在中國,依然屬於廣義的中國人,中國嘗試於文化上主宰全世界的華人族群。香港處於一個以帝國自居的國家邊陲,獲得自治權的機率極小,更遑論真普選。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">香港政治派別的演變</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 劉以正以2014年雨傘運動為分界,分享目前香港不同的黨派主張。2014年以前,沒有任何的黨派是以香港本土作為其核心政治主張。遵守一國兩制體制規範,試圖於此框架下實現民主自決的民主派,未將香港視為一個獨立的國家。2011年陳雲所著的「城邦論」,提出中港區隔的主張,利用這樣的分隔來捍衛本土利益,維護自英治時代留下的制度,期望最終能促使中國民主化,但他仍以香港是隸屬於中國的一個城邦為中心思想,並未有港獨意識的出現。2014年由香港大學學生會學苑編著的「香港民族論」,主要論述為香港是一個想像的共同體,擁有自己的歷史、身份認同,與中國有極大差異。雖然香港民族主義與中國民族主義互不相容,但在追求法治和民主的過程中可以互相交流影響。此書可視為香港年輕一輩對大中華民族主義的反彈,他們並不想要生活在大中國文化的陰影/羽翼之下。雨傘運動後,一群以香港本土的核心價值的人成立本土民族前線,將香港自決的概念轉為政治實體。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">香港政治現況</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 即便香港本土黨派開始出現,香港的主體性仍慢慢消逝,政府於國民教育大力推行使用普通話,香港越來越多的電視台開始使用簡體字與普通話播報。除此之外,香港選舉也出現越來越多的賄選,並且,當候選人被指控違反基本法,香港政府可終身禁止他參選的權利。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">劉以正解釋,香港基本法是由中國和英國聯合聲明,並沒有港人參與。此時在場一位出生於80後的香港朋友也分享自身經驗,表示他那一輩的人,大多數擁護基本法,約80%的人希望維持現狀。當時中國政府開明派的出現,也有人提出可以依據基本法逐漸民主式地回歸中國。劉以正說,根據基本法,中國有權去解釋它,香港回歸後,中國人大常委會先後五次對香港基本法作出解釋,這些解釋都改變了基本法原有的法規,令香港年輕一輩感到中國無意遵守基本法。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 此外,2016年十月發生的立法會宣示風波,香港立法會兩位新科議員游蕙幀、梁頌恆因宣示時被指控刻意把「China」讀成「支那」,被政府向法院提出司法覆核,之後這兩位議員因辱華被取消議員資格。劉以正對於他們兩位逞一時之快的行為相當氣憤,他說,此事件後,以港獨為政治主張的香港本土派將無法參選,使本土派的生存空間更加艱困。更重要的是,中共此舉嚴重破壞香港法治基礎與在「中英聯合聲明」中保障香港的「港人治港、高度自治」,中國政府無權利用解釋基本法的手段來操控香港的選舉。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">目前香港的政治勢力可分為中央與地方,中央方面,習近平派系在香港基本上沒有勢力,江澤民派系則長期盤踞於香港。習近平希望香港政局能相對穩定,藉此剷除江澤民系的勢力,而江派則希望香港越亂越好來影響習近平的統治。作為江習兩派角力的香港,梁振英上任後,他想建立一個新的治港集團,能在江習兩派間兩面投機。本土派在此情形下被強力鎮壓,成為梁振英用來對抗習近平和其他勢力的馬前卒。港獨思想便是由此興起,劉以正認為,其也會繼續成長,因為香港人的困境依然持續惡化。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">未來展望</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">支持本土派的民眾依舊是極小一部分,且本土派的組成也相當脆弱。主因是他們反對傳統的民主選舉也無法從政,只能採用街頭暴力抗爭的手段,導致常被捕入獄,降低民眾參與意願。大多數民眾仍相對保守,那些有錢港人並不關心港獨運動。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">中國方面,習近平試圖重新建立一個穩定的香港,即一國兩制,進一步加深大中國民族主義思想,將權力更集中於中央。無論如何,本土派依舊會被壓制,但如果中國經濟出現不穩,可能是香港獨立運動的機會。劉以正說,他期待中國經濟市場對歐美國家的開放能使中國國內政治更自由透明。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">以全世界角度來看,右翼重新崛起,世界動盪會更加劇,尤其是川普聲勢如日中天,當選後可能對東亞態度愈發強硬,或許是港獨的機運。穩定局勢下,國際輿論不會站在港獨這邊,但如果動盪之下,港獨有機會獲得國際支持。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">劉以正希望本土派能持續壯大,在未來某天,香港能成功從中國獨立自治,但不諱言小國家的獨立常須仰賴國際戰後的不穩定機會,如二戰後新興的小國。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Q&A</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">會後有觀眾問到,中國和香港基本上是同血緣的民族,為何要獨立,或是香港人的主體性與中國有何差異?</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">劉以正說,他認為國家認同是由民主政治參與所構成的群體,擁有共同的政治生活,政治身份,公民身份可以建構起一個民族,政治公民可以與血緣民族分隔。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">現場也有兩位分別是1970、1980年代左右出生的香港朋友,他們和90後的劉以正熱烈地討論香港人效忠的對象由英國、中國轉移到香港本土。此外,他們更有感於粵語逐漸在年輕一代消失,其他人也分享在普通話的侵襲下,如何保存粵語與台語的困境。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">劉以正總結道,他覺得有必要現在就站出來,因為他們不做沒有人會做,但仍不確定畢業後的目標為何。現場觀眾分享了范雲老師在野百合運動後出國留學,而今回台貢獻所學的例子,以此鼓勵劉以正出國留學。但劉以正也幽幽地說,他很怕學成回國後,香港已不是原有的樣貌了。香港社會運動所遭遇的困境,值得台灣借鏡思考。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">文字: Ching-Huan Chen</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">攝影: Chia-Chun Chung</span></div>
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Chiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15396393080234702748noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-596560882155774768.post-27741215784973614082016-12-03T17:37:00.000-05:002016-12-03T18:03:58.669-05:00Go Pick Your Dinner: How Urban Farming Can Change The Way We Live<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMeVOTPT-b1oxRu2iA66zbtUYGywAsGxEcximAGa5l0QbEA0LKhU7Tv_nC4zoDZwJcsJTuGkYnDW4pJNq1-4LBo5oXW7EYAMlXgljs19M289NLyjuy9K_z-zfKdP8HHguv-tivbvM2lNqE/s1600/DSC02370-001.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMeVOTPT-b1oxRu2iA66zbtUYGywAsGxEcximAGa5l0QbEA0LKhU7Tv_nC4zoDZwJcsJTuGkYnDW4pJNq1-4LBo5oXW7EYAMlXgljs19M289NLyjuy9K_z-zfKdP8HHguv-tivbvM2lNqE/s320/DSC02370-001.JPG" width="228" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">講者: Cathy Chung</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">都市與農業,兩個看似衝突的概念,如何成為一種新型態的生產方式呢?Cathy先從現代農業的發展史說起。現代農業的特色之一,機械的使用,一方面提高了農業生產效率,但是購買機械需要的資金亦使生產成本越來越昂貴,為了增加營收以購買農具並且因應機械適宜使用在大面積農地的特性,農業生產慢慢往單一物種、大規模耕種,並且逐漸只有在土地較廉價的鄉村區域才能存在。我們在超市裡所看到的蔬果幾乎都是透過這種鄉村農業生產出來的。經由商業化管理,還有和大型通路商店的合作,消費者大部分都是經由這種管道購買遠方生產的蔬果。在全球化貿易流通的今日,美國消費者的農業生產腹地更延伸到世界各地,以2015年為例,鄰近的墨西哥與加拿大是美國進口蔬果的主要供應市場,秘魯與中國,還有緊接在後的西班牙跟印度,一起連成了美國生鮮蔬果的全球供應網絡。</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">但因此也衍生了諸多問題。仰賴遠距離運輸的供應鏈製造超高碳足跡,製造端與消費端分離的結果也造成了消費端囤積大量食物,很多進而浪費食物的問題。Cathy以亞利桑納州土桑市的大學組織 <a href="http://www.compostcats.com/" target="_blank">Compost Cats</a> 為例,介紹了他們如何將本來會被丟進垃圾堆的過多食材製造成有機堆肥的創意。這個活動的發起地土桑,是墨西哥農產品進入美國境內的第一線入口城市,過多湧入的食物造成的浪費應該如何被解決,變成了一個嚴重的經濟與道德問題。</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">都市農業某程度便是為了因應這些現象的一種解藥。都市一般來說都是農產品的消費端,仰賴運輸進口生鮮蔬果。但透過個人、社區或城市等級發起的運動,許多人試圖改造自家餐桌上的食物供應鏈。相較於鄉村農業,都市農業通常佔地較小(小於兩英畝,兩英畝換算成台制約0.8甲),有些是由志工組成,單位面積內有較多種類的植物,也比較偏重以人力與基本工具來栽種。這些生產組織的好處,因為距離縮短了,所以蔬果較超市買到的更新鮮可口,減少碳足跡以及食物浪費之外,還具有教育以及團結社區的功能;但反過來,都市農業雖然排除了中間商從中剝一層皮,因為低度機械化人力密集的關係,價格較高,另外還有氣候、法規、惡意破壞等的限制跟問題。因此有人提出,透過種一些市場價格較高的植栽提高土地的單位生產價值,或者推廣農作物各個部位的食用方法,等等的這些措施可能更能夠使都市農業長久經營下去。</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Cathy也分享了幾個芝加哥很精彩的都市農業成功案例。第一個是Northside Preparatory高中。在學校的支持之下,志工、學校老師與學生們開始著手改善學校旁邊原本會有流浪漢聚集的鹽鹼地,並把這一系列的計畫納入學生可選擇的課程之中。他們讓高中生從搭建園圃、種植農作物到烹飪食材,親身學習到餐桌上的食物究竟是怎麼來的。第二個案例是Englewood的社區農場 <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fSx3wYE8ENU&feature=em-share_video_user" target="_blank">Growing Home’s Urban Farm</a> 。Englewood 原本是芝加哥近郊人口外移最嚴重,工作機會最缺乏,幫派活動頻繁的鄰里之一。農場發起人看準了這個地方什麼都沒有就是空地最多,從農場建立、招募與訓練流浪漢成為農業勞動力,慢慢地讓荒涼市鎮重新有了生機,周圍也開始出現了咖啡廳與餐廳等社交場所。農場也提供更生人再社會化的訓練計畫,讓許多有犯罪紀錄、很難復歸社會的更生人有接受訓練、學習新技能的可能。</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Cathy的公司 OMNI Ecosystems/The Roof Crop 則是致力於發展建築物屋頂的綠化技術。芝加哥城市法規針對一定規模以上的新蓋大樓要求綠化的規定,讓越來越多的建商對屋頂綠化產生了興趣。傳統上是鋪蓋草地,來調節溫度與淨化空氣、降低噪音量,但新技術已經不只可以養草地,甚至可以在屋頂上栽種農作物,達到更高的生物多樣性。除了在外觀上更多層次更美麗之外,綠化建築結合了都市農業的特色,用美味新鮮的蔬果,慢慢的在改變居民還有他們的社區 。 </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">延伸閱讀: </span></span><br />
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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><b>How we used to live</b><br /><i>Ranches, Rowhouses, and Railroad Flats: American Homes: How They Shaped Our Landscapes and Neighborhoods </i>by Christine Hunter</li><br />
<li><b>How we used to eat</b> <br /><i>Cooked: A Natural History of Transformation</i> by Michael Pollan</li> <br />
<li><b>Planting Methods/Theory</b><i>Square Foot Gardening Series </i>by Mel Bartholomew <br /><i>The Market Gardener: A Successful Grower's Handbook for Small-scale Organic Farming </i>by Jean-Martin Fortier <br />Permaculture (method), originated by Bill Mollison <br /><i>The One Straw Revolution</i> by Masanobu Fukuoka</li><br />
<li><b>Seed Resources</b>: <a href="http://www.seedsavers.org/" target="_blank">Seed Savers Exchange </a></li><br />
<li>How I personally started down this rabbit hole: <a href="https://www.windycityhabitat.org/" target="_blank">Urban Habitat Chicago </a></li>
</ul>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; white-space: normal;">文字: Yi-Chen Lo</span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; white-space: normal;">攝影: Jennifer Tsai, Chia-Chun Chung</span></span></span><br />
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Chiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15396393080234702748noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-596560882155774768.post-24222425399010100402016-10-22T22:42:00.000-04:002016-11-07T22:46:22.568-05:00美國健保改革給台灣的借鏡<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT3beAQNm2mLOrw1d3MpA_Y9o9kWuzlATXrCaVAwiFGYD_cPqXiWzB9Nzoz2MvWi2INW_lUCLPD9mqQG7no99l7NtSRWi_FtXScTr48twUp1UQSQyoBuHlZ7lCULmQ9K1u8RuCvWv4TqUE/s1600/DSC02268-002.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="456" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT3beAQNm2mLOrw1d3MpA_Y9o9kWuzlATXrCaVAwiFGYD_cPqXiWzB9Nzoz2MvWi2INW_lUCLPD9mqQG7no99l7NtSRWi_FtXScTr48twUp1UQSQyoBuHlZ7lCULmQ9K1u8RuCvWv4TqUE/s640/DSC02268-002.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">講者 鄭守夏</td></tr>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;"><br /></span>
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;"><br /></span>
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">距離美國總統大選不到一週,這次選舉除了種族和經濟議題,兩黨在醫療改革上的主張更是迥異。歐巴馬總統於</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">2010</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">年</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">3</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">月簽署「病患保護與平價醫療法案」</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">(Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act) (</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">簡稱</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">ACA</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">,又稱歐巴馬健保法(</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">Obamacare</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">)</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">。這部超過</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">900</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">頁、橫跨</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">10</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">年的法案是美國自</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">1965</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">年通過</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">Medicare</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">和</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">Medicaid</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">後最廣泛的全國性醫療改革。至</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">2014</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">,</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">ACA</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">中的多項重要條款已陸續生效,美國健保改革的初步成效為何?又有什麼值得臺灣借鏡的地方?今晚由曾任健保局局長和健保會主委的鄭守夏教授帶大家了解臺灣和美國的健保制度與醫療體系。鄭教授任教於臺大公衛學院,目前在哈佛擔任訪問學者。鄭教授首先比較美國與其他已開發國家的醫療體系,接者介紹美國的醫療改革、臺灣全民健保的制度與成就,最後討論臺灣醫療體系所面臨的挑戰。</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">美國</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> vs</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">其他已開發國家</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">美國是</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">OECD</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">國家中唯一沒有提供全民就醫保障的國家,</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">ACA</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">通過之前美國有</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">18%</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">的人口</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;"> (</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">大約</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">5</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">千萬</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">沒有任何醫療保險。在各項醫療</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">/</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">健康相關的國際評比中總是敬陪末座:花費偏高、品質偏低、多項健康指標和就醫滿意度多年吊車尾。</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">2013 Commonwealth Fund</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">的國際醫療系統評比顯示,</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">75%</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">美國受訪者表示美國的醫療系統需要大規模改革;而排名第一的英國有高達</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">63%</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">的受訪者對該國醫療制度表示滿意。近一步對比英國歷年的年度醫療支出與滿意度發現:兩項指標呈現正相關。所以花得越多,滿意度越高?比較臺灣與美國的醫療支出便發現不竟然如此。滿意度墊底的美國</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">2012</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">年年度醫療支出為</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">GDP</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">的</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">16.9%</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">;而全民健保開辦以來,滿意度連年超過八成的臺灣同年的醫療支出僅占</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">GDP</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">的</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">6.6%</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">。評估醫療體系一般可由三方面著手:「公平性」</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">(equity)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">、「有效性」</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">(effectiveness)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">、「效率性」</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">(efficiency)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">。「公平性」衡量醫療服務的提供及醫療資源的分配是否對群體中的每個人一視同仁;「有效性」評估醫療結果,例如醫療服務的安全性,以及診斷正確和治療的有效性;而「效率性」評估醫療花費,例如基礎醫療服務是否是一般大眾所能負擔,醫療系統能否永續發展。以這三把尺來衡量美國的醫療照護系統發現:這個未保險率過高、總體醫療支出名列世界第一、各項國民健康指標排名在先進國家中總是墊底的制度其實很糟。</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; 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<b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">歐巴馬健保法</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> (Obamacare)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">美國有近</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">1.3</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">億人口因罹患慢性疾病或遺傳疾病(</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">pre-existing conditions</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">)而被拒保。過去十年裡,醫療保險的保費成長一倍,但</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">40</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">%的保險費花在保險公司的營運、行銷、及高階經理人的薪資。除了</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">5</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">千萬人口沒有任何醫療保險,另有上千萬的美國人擁有的醫療保險保障不足(</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">underinsured</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">),或者因離職或失業而失去醫療保險。為了拯救這個糟糕的醫療系統,柯林頓曾於</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">1993</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">年嘗試推動醫療改革、全民納保,由於種種原因最終宣告失敗。直到歐巴馬任內才順利簽署</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">ACA</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">,該法案的目的是削減醫療支出,並提供所有美國人能負擔的醫療保險和醫療照護。</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">ACA</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">上路後隨即遭遇強烈政治阻力,兩度由美國聯邦最高法院對該法案是否違憲進行裁定。</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">2012</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">年</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">6</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">月聯邦最高法院裁定:個人因拒買醫療保險而必須繳納的罰金為「稅」,因此不違憲;但州政府有權自行決定是否擴大該州醫療補助保險(</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">Medicaid</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">)的納保資格。三年後,聯邦最高法院再次裁定:由聯邦政府設立的交易平台購買醫療保險的民眾,亦可獲得聯邦政府補貼。</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">聯邦醫療保險(</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">Medicare</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">)提供全國性醫療保險給</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">65</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">歲以上的年長者、部分失能人士、以及末期慢性腎臟病患者。大多數非年長美國人則經由雇主購買醫療保險,但很多規模較小的雇主無力或不願意提供醫療保險給員工。許多約聘工作者或小公司員工因此無力負擔自己和家人的醫療保險。為了解決這個問題,</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">ACA</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">要求全民購買醫療保險,規定</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">50</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">以上的公司必須提供醫療保險給員工,否會被處以罰金。聯邦政府另外提供補助給低收入家庭和個人買保險,提供額外的扣稅額給替員工購買醫療保險的小企業。</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">2013</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">年</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">10</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">月歐巴馬政府推出「醫療保險交易市場」</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">(</span><a href="https://www.healthcare.gov/get-coverage/"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; text-decoration: none;">Health Insurance Marketplace</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">,讓個人和小企業可以在這個網路平台上購買受到聯邦政府管制和補貼的醫療保險。</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">ACA</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">其他關於增加納保率的條款包括:鼓勵州政府擴大醫療補助保險</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">(Medicaid)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">的納保資格、保險公司不得因慢性病或遺傳疾病拒保、成年子女可以依附父母的醫療保險直到</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">26</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">歲。基本上,擴大納保率的種種措施還是建立在市場機制上。</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">雖然</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">ACA</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">中擴大納保的條款受到較多的關注,鄭教授指出其實通過支付制度改革(</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">payment reform</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">)去降低醫療支出和提升醫療品質也是</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">ACA</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">的重點。首先,</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">ACA</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">鼓勵成立</span><a href="https://www.healthcare.gov/get-coverage/"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; text-decoration: none;">Patient-Centered</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;"> Medical Home</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">以促進醫療服務供給者間的合作,幫助醫療資源和就醫記錄的整合。「盡責照護組織」(</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">Accountable Care Organization</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">,</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">ACO</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">),則是早期</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">HMO </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">(</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">health maintenance organization</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">)的升級版,沿用</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">HMO</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">的論人計酬(</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">capitation</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">)制度和包醫制概念,但提供病人更多就醫選擇權。醫院或是</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">IPA</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">(</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">independent physician association</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">)可以獨立或是共同成立</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">ACO</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">,</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">CMS</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">每年支付一筆固定金額給</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">ACO</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">照顧聯邦醫療保險受益人,若有虧損</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">ACO</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">自行負責,如果</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">ACO</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">能以更有效率的方式提供醫療服務,使得支出低於給付,</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">ACO</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">得以和</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">CMS</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">分享節省的支出(</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">shared saving</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">)。另外,</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">h</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">ospital
readmission reduction program</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">和</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">value-based purchasing</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">則是聯邦政府通過給付機制提升醫療品質並減低醫療支出的改革。</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">h</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">ospital
readmission reduction program</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">於</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">2012</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">年</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">10</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">月即生效,若醫院患有心臟病(</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">heart attack</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">)、心臟衰竭(</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">heart failure</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">)或肺炎(</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">pneumonia</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">)的聯邦醫療保險受益人的</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">30</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">天再入院率高於預期值,醫院收到的給付將減少</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">3</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">%。聯邦醫療保險的主管機關</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">(</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">CMS</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">)之後相繼將慢性阻塞型肺疾病(</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">COPD</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">)、膝</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">/</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">髖關節置換手術(</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">hip/knee replacement</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">)和冠狀動脈繞道手術(</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">coronary artery bypass graft surgery</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">)納入該計畫。</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">value-based
purchasing<span lang="ZH-TW">則利用醫療服務的價值</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">(</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">value</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">)來</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">決定給付額。例如,取消一些具有高度臨床效果的醫療服務的自負額。反之,對於昂貴但邊際效益有限的醫療服務,其價值跟適當的給付額則可藉助</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">「成本效益分析」(</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">Cost
Effectiveness Analysis</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">來決定。而</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">CMS<span lang="ZH-TW">成立的</span>Center for Medicare & Medicaid Innovation<span lang="ZH-TW">(</span>CMMI<span lang="ZH-TW">)更是</span>ACA<span lang="ZH-TW">進行給付制度改革的重要手段。</span>ACA<span lang="ZH-TW">授予</span>CMMI<span lang="ZH-TW">一定權力,該機構制訂的支付改革方案,在國會議員無法提出具體反證的前提下,直接成為有法律效力的規則,適用於所有</span>CMS<span lang="ZH-TW">相關醫療服務供給者。</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">美國醫改初步成效與全球醫改趨勢</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">2013</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">年底多數</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">ACA</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">條款生效後,持續成長多年醫療支出首次出現下降,未保險人口也開始減少。歐巴馬今年</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">7</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">月投書</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">JAMA</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">表示:</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">ACA</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">上路後未保險率下降(尤其在實施</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">Medicaid expansion</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">的州),需面對高額</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">out-of-pocket</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">支出的民眾減少,人均年度醫療支出降低,</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">out-of-pocket</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">佔總醫療支出的比例不再上升,</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">Medicare 30</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">天再入院率小幅降低</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">1-2</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">個百分點。在擴大納保率上,</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">ACA</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">看似達到初步成效,但在給付制度改革上的效果卻不明顯。無論</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">Patient-centered medical home</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">,</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;"> ACO</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">,或是</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">bundled
payment</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">,目前沒有研究顯示這些改革措施有效減少醫療支出、促進醫療品質。總而言之,</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">ACA</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">上路以來雖然在給付改革方面的成效有限,但兩年內成功大幅減少美國沒有醫療保險的人口。</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">近年除了美國大刀闊斧進行醫療改革,鄭教授表示其實其他</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">OECD</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">國家的醫療制度也面臨不同問題。瑞典的社會保險制度在納入私人保險的過程中遇到不少困難;跟臺灣同為</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">single-payer system</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">的加拿大面臨醫療結果跟資源分配不均的情況;社會保險的創始國德國存在</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">general practitioners</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">和</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">specialists</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">協作不佳的問題;而低支出、高品質的日本則面臨永續發展的挑戰。</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">臺灣的醫療系統</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">相較於其他已開發國家,臺灣的表現如何?鄭教授引用多項</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">OECD</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">統計數據,臺灣的平均壽命與嬰兒死亡率皆略優於</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">OECD</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">國家平均值,</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">MRI</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">和</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">CT</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">等高價醫療服務的使用率較低(遠低於美國),執業醫師數略低於其他國家,但平均就醫次數遠高於平均值。雖然臺灣擁有較多病床數,但住院率偏低,而人均醫療花費更是遠低於其他已開發國家。整體而言臺灣的醫療品質佳、花費卻少。</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">2014</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">年匯豐銀行</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">(HSCB)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">的一項網路問卷調查顯示,多數旅居臺灣的外國人表示臺灣的醫療系統不僅優質,而且平價。雖然這份抽樣調查研究或許不甚嚴謹,居住在臺灣的外國人對醫療品質的滿意以及負擔得起的費用,明顯優於其他高所得國家,這是一個不爭的事實。所以臺灣的醫療系統就沒有任何問題嗎?對此,鄭教授表示:我們的問題其實跟日本一樣,重點在於醫療體系能否永續發展</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">?</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">民眾就醫高滿意度背後是基層醫療人員對於勞動環境與健保制度的不滿。</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">長期以來,臺灣主要的社會保障是公務員保險、農民保險、和勞工保險。</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">1995</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">年,臺灣進一步擴大社會保障系統</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">—</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">實施以公、勞、農保為背景的全民健保。全民健保實施之初非常匆忙,不但上路首月沿用勞保的特約院所,甚至健保局預備的</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">2400</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">萬張健保紙卡不到一個月便用盡。另外,臺灣的醫療系統還有些其與美國不同的特性。例如,臺灣的醫師都是專科醫生,沒有全科醫生(</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">general practitioner</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">),也因此難以建立轉診制度。醫院大都有相當規模的門診部,而在醫院執業的醫生多是醫院聘雇的。</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">95</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">%的社區診所是私立的,但</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">30</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">%的醫院病床屬於公立醫院。最特別的是臺灣的「醫院評鑑」更像「醫院分級」,將醫院分為醫學中心、區域醫院、及地區醫院三個等級,不同等級的醫院可以執行不同複雜程度的醫療行為。換言之,「醫院評鑑」等級決定醫院可以提供何種高端的醫療服務,卻與醫療服務的品質沒有直接關聯。</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">臺灣的全民健保制度</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">臺灣的健保強制全民納保,是一個政府主導的</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">single-payer system</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">,主要財源是以薪資為基礎的一般保險費和六項補充保費。保險給付的內容相當完整,包括門診、住院、藥品、復健、和居家照護。臺灣</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">92</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">%的醫療院所是健保的簽約醫療服務供給者,而醫療給付按照統一的支付標準表。另外,對於弱勢家庭和民眾,健保提供保費和部分負擔減免。鄭教授表示:健保的納保制度有點複雜,分為</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">6</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">類</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">15</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">目,不同類別的民眾自負不同保費比例,大多數民眾僅負擔一部分的保險費,雇主和政府分別承擔不同比例的保險費。除了薪資所得為基礎的保費外,自</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">2013</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">年起,二代健保新增「補充保費」,對於紅利、利息、租賃、股利</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">/</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">股息、執行業務所得、和兼職薪資等收入,收取和支付雙方需支付</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">1.91</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">%保費,這也是許多自由工作者對二代健保十分不滿的原因。</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">鄭教授說:健保法有</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">100</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">多條法規,其中對於健保財務與保費收取相關規定頗為詳細,但其實支付方式對醫療服務影響甚大,可是健保法對這部分的著墨較少也較屬原則性,廣泛的授權讓健保局擁有權力制訂管理與規範醫療服務的相關辦法,這些規定管理醫界的支出,進行抽審與核刪,以及訂定藥價等。部分醫界人士認為健保局規範過於嚴苛,也因此罵聲不斷。對此,鄭教授分享擔任健保會主委三年的觀察,在健保會上醫界代表與付費方總是立場迥異,醫療服務供給者抱怨健保總額不夠用,而勞工和病人代表則回嗆醫界已經是高所得。鄭教授總結:支付制度是進行醫療改革的重要手段,近年來醫療費用節節高升,多數國家的醫療改革都是藉由支付方式來引導醫療服務的提供、與提升醫療品質。臺灣健保在</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">2002</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">實施的總額制度(</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">global budget</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">)便是一例。另外</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">pay-for-performance
program</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">和</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">DRG payment</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">也是利用給付方式影響醫療行為、提升品質的措施。</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">pay-for-performance program</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">的概念類似於</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">value-based purchasing</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">,增加給付項目給有效益的醫療服務,並避免使用效益較低卻昂貴的治療,如此不僅降低醫療支出,同時增進醫療品質。例如,全民健保把兒童氣喘的衛生教育納入給付,當家長帶氣喘的孩童就醫,除了醫生開藥,衛教師也對家長進行相關衛生教育(例如拆除家中厚重窗簾和地毯,以杜絕引發氣喘的塵螨),排除過敏原自然降低氣喘再次發作的機率。此舉不僅避免未來可能的醫療支出,亦有效提升醫療品質。另外一個例子是「論病計酬」(</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">diagnosis-related group (DRG) payment</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">)。</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">DRG</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">制度下,保險公司對每次住院治療支付一筆固定的金額,給付額取決於住院的原因(診斷),與住院天數及住院其間接受多少醫療服務無關。美國早在</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">1970</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">年代就實施</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">DRG</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">制度以減少過度醫療的行為。但臺灣</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">DRG</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">制度的實施,卻因為醫界反對而多次延期,而醫界反彈的主因是:</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">DRG</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">實施後醫院不准再向病人收取自費項目,直接影響醫院原有的收入。鄭教授在健保局局長任內主張允許醫院可以收取自費項目,但有健保局同仁不表贊同,因為開放自費項目違背</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">DRG</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">的精神。鄭教授有感而發說:為了讓政策制度上路,有時候取大捨小是必須的,否則政策可能永遠無法實施。</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">全民健保的成就與挑戰</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">全民健保實施</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">20</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">年來,主要成就包括:高納保率、給付內容廣泛、醫療品質良好、就醫民眾滿意度高、就醫的經濟負擔相對低。但跟所有保險一樣,全民健保也面臨「道德風險」(</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">normal hazard</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">)的問題。健保上路之前沒有保險的民眾,在獲得健保後,看門診的頻率大幅增加,住院次數也明顯增加。這種因繳納了保險費,而消費更多醫療服務的現象背後,其實是不當使用醫療資源,甚至是濫用醫療資源。但這些因保險而增加的醫療服務使用並非盡是濫用。一個例子是闌尾發炎破裂(</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">ruptured appendicitis</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">),闌尾炎未即時就醫而導致闌尾破裂可能引發腹膜炎,致死率相當高。全民健保實施前,偏遠地區的闌尾炎破裂發生率高於一般地區,這樣的城鄉差異在全民納保後逐漸消失。另外,存在於不同社經階級間的「健康差距」(</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">health disparity</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">)也因全民健保獲得改善。健保實施後,相較於較健康的鄉鎮市區,平均餘命在較不健康的鄉鎮市區增加更多。臺灣民眾對醫療系統的總體滿意度不輸英國,平均滿意度在六成左右。有趣的是,每當健保費率調漲,或自付額增加時,民眾滿意度會隨之下降。</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">臺灣的醫療系統所面臨的其他挑戰包括:人口老化、基層醫療人員過勞、過於片段式的醫療服務、以及逐年增加的自付額。目前臺灣</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">65</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">以上人口只佔總人口的</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">12%</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">,十年後會增加到</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">20%</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">。基層醫療人員求降低工時、增加薪水,醫院和診所要求增加每年的健保總額。但現實情況是政府稅收過低(臺灣的實際稅率遠低於其他高所得國家),醫療服務系統缺乏整合,醫療資源和資訊無法有效利用、分享,健保的支付方式鼓勵醫療服務供應方追求「數量」而非「質量」。面對護理師人力不足與工作過勞、基層醫療從業人員對未來感到悲觀、不當就醫文化導致過度消耗醫療資源、以及醫療服務的自付額增加等,都是臺灣面臨的問題。世界各國都在進行醫療照護改革,台灣也不例外,其中健保制度的改革更佔有舉足輕重的角色。</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Q </span></b><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">&</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> A<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">Q1. </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">許多醫療從業人員表示生活滿意度過低,增加醫療支出是可能的解決方式嗎?</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">鄭教授首先釐清抱怨生活品質不佳的多是基層的住院醫生,資深的主治醫生和醫院管理階級的醫師幾乎不會回覆相關調查。而擔任住院醫師期間本身是一種訓練,許多行業的訓練成過程都是非常辛苦,醫生自然也不例外。再則,目前臺灣超過五萬名執業醫生,醫師的供給其實是比以前充足的。基層醫師的抱怨可能是因為年輕一代對生活品質有較高的期待,而非因人力不足而導致工作量大增。最後則是制度面的問題:在臺灣,醫師是醫院聘僱的,醫師薪水由醫院決定而不是健保。臺灣的教學醫院逐年增加,因此造成有醫院收不到住院醫師的窘境,一些小型教學醫院,以代訓(讓自己醫院聘請的住院醫生長時間在醫學中心接受訓練)的方式作為誘因,藉以招募住院醫生。對此,鄭教授認為應該回歸到以住院醫師接受訓練的成果為重點,住院醫師不應該只是醫院的廉價勞力,取消這些小醫院的教學資格是一個可能方案,但這個作法常受到來自民代的政治力量干預。</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">Q2. </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">是否有限制住院醫師一週不得工作超過</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">80</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">小時的規定?</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">鄭教授表示目前醫師並不適用勞基法,但這是未來努力的目標。一旦納入勞基法,醫師每週的工作時間將不會超過</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">80</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">小時。另外有與會者補充,政府目前有小規模的試驗,希望將住院醫師的每週工作時數限制在</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">88</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">小時之內,但具體實施和查核上有許多困難。</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">Q3. </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">臺灣的醫療支出真的如統計數據所顯示偏低?是否把健保沒有支付的花費(例如住院其間的看護費用和藥品支出)也包含在內?</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">鄭教授表示相關數據沿用</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">OECD</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">的定義,統計醫療衛生保健支出,因此臺灣人均醫療花費的統計數據是正確的。該數據低於其他高所得國家的主因是臺灣物價較低(低廉的水電費便是一例)。鄭教授近一步指出,臺灣醫院的經營成本也比較低,原因是許多照護工作其實是由病人家屬承擔,而非醫院的護理人員,醫院因此節省一筆人事開銷。若臺灣醫院的護病比要到達美國的標準,醫院可能需要增聘</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">50</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">%的護理人員,也勢必因此增加營運成本。此外,政府可以對醫院提供更多的補助,例如補助偏遠醫院聘請急診室醫師,但這麼做能否永續經營卻是個很大的問題。</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">Q4. </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">醫界跟健保局能否建立更和諧的關係?</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">鄭教授說臺灣醫療系統的架構決定兩者間的關係。全民健保是個</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">single payer</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">,除非醫界是</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">single provider</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">,不然健保局勢必具備更多的談判籌碼。但醫界和健保局的關係真的非常不和睦嗎?鄭教授再次表示,前陣子媒體報導對醫療環境不滿的多是第一線的基層醫師,因為健保的總額制度,醫院的經營環境的確比以前辛苦,對於基層醫師的待遇和工作環境,決定權始終在醫院手上,而非健保署。雖然藉由保險給付方式影響醫療行為不見得是建立理想醫病關係的有效方式,現實情況是:醫療資源有限,一年的保費收入就是六千億,醫療支出節節上漲,不可能</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">100</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">%支付所有醫療服務,什麼該付、什麼不該付、付多少等等問題,都需要進行成本效益分析。醫院有經營壓力,做為社會保險的全民健保也有管控費用和照顧弱勢的壓力。醫界和健保署若能建立更和諧的關係當然是好事,但兩方由於角色立場不同、訴求不同,對話過程總不太順利。鄭教授一再強調,若醫界願意為臺灣的醫療制度提出一個願景藍圖,健保署應該會非常樂意一起努力,無奈醫師的時間成本太高,對醫療體系也不熟悉,這個想法在實踐上有一定難度。</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">Q5. </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">臺灣人口老化問題日益嚴重,未來是否會缺乏醫療照護供給者?</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">鄭教授說:目前沒有證據顯示臺灣面臨醫師大量流失的問題。雖然之前有媒體報導臺灣醫師陸續前往中國大陸看診或是開刀的情況,這樣的例子大多是所謂的「假日飛刀手」</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">--</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">知名醫生週五飛到中國開刀,週一飛回臺灣,終究在台灣的整體生活品質較佳。未來臺灣如果真的缺乏醫生,有條件允許在其他國家訓練的醫師在臺灣執業也許是一個方式,但目前臺灣並沒有所謂的醫師出走潮。然而人口老化絕對是個嚴重的問題,鄭教授認為我們的準備還有待加強。</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">Q6. </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">臺灣是否有高達</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">1/4</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">的醫生從事醫美業務?健保是否給付醫療美容服務?</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">全民健保不給付以美容為目的整型手術,但支付恢復容貌的整型手術(例如兔唇)。鄭教授說是否有高達</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">25</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">%的醫生從事醫療美容不可考,是否轉戰醫美端看醫師的價值觀。近年,臺北有些醫美診所因為競爭激烈而歇業,加上醫療糾紛頻傳,醫美似乎不如媒體所報導般熱門。</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">Q7. </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">如何從政策面上建立轉診制度?轉診制度是否有助改善一線醫療人員過勞的問題?</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">鄭教授說:由於民眾有偏好方便的就醫文化,強制轉診在臺灣基本上不可行,加上民眾迷信醫學中心的醫療品質,對社區診所醫師缺乏信任,都是造成臺灣推行轉診制度困難重重的原因。雖然健保對未經轉診、直接前往醫學中心就醫的病人收取較高的部分負擔,這筆額外的自付額對於大多數人卻沒有嚇阻作用。現階段而言,提高自付額不是鼓勵轉診的有效方法。對於解決醫師過勞問題,鄭教授表示有更好的方法組織照護團隊:</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">primary care unit</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">。以辛苦的產科醫師為例,若由醫師和助產士、護理師組成醫療照護團隊,醫師不需要獨立負責接生任務,醫師的工時有望大幅降低。</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">鄭教授最後總結,任何企圖改變行為的政策,執行上都是非常困難的。推行<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a>轉診制度和家庭醫師如此,改變醫院的經營文化亦是如此。近年,鼓勵醫護服務供給者間的橫向、縱向合作是許多國家的醫療改革重點。建立醫護人員間的合作、醫院與醫院間的合作,是臺灣未來可以努力的方向。另外崇尚便宜就好的心態也值得檢討,藉由市場競爭與健保的嚴格管控,可以有效降低藥價與醫療成本,但這是否會對醫療體系的永續經營造成負面影響?臺灣民眾是否接受醫療系統多花一些錢,以換取更好的品質?這些都是值得思考的問題。</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">文字: Meng-Yun Lin</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">攝影: Chia-Chun Chung</span></span></div>
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Chiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15396393080234702748noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-596560882155774768.post-17754670059530769882016-01-29T19:00:00.000-05:002016-02-20T23:18:35.451-05:00原諒與承諾 - 大選之後,跟著鄂蘭想想政治和解與希望基礎<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption"> 講者 葉浩</td></tr>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif";">本次聚會由哈佛台灣同學會協辦。首先維持全球二十多個地方哲五之夜唯一的共同特色——自我介紹,然後才在笑聲中由葉浩老師正式開始他的演講。葉浩老師是英國倫敦政經大學政治哲學博士,任教於政大政治系,目前在哈佛擔任訪問學者。這一次演講,他從二十世紀最重要的思想家之一漢娜鄂蘭的學說切入,並藉由影響漢娜鄂蘭甚深的幾位人物,如班雅明、尼采所提出的關於人與歷史、與前人之間的關係,來探討當代的臺灣應該採取怎樣的態度面對過去的歷史、過去的傷痛,並探討因應轉型正義而抱持的思維是否合理,行動是否充分。</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif";">辭世至今已有四十年的漢娜鄂蘭,其影響力不但未見衰落,反而有越來越廣泛、越來越深遠的趨勢。</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif";">2013<span lang="ZH-TW">年一部關於她的傳記電影《</span>Hannah
Arendt<span lang="ZH-TW">》(中譯片名為「漢娜鄂蘭:真理無懼」),就由她寫下生平最受爭議的著作《平凡的邪惡:艾希曼耶路撒冷大審紀實》的始末為主題,呈現鄂蘭如何從受到審判的納粹軍官艾希曼身上觀察並體悟到的「平庸的邪惡」,以及她因為提出這樣的思考而在一夕之間成為全球猶太人的箭靶,面臨前所未有的責難仍毫不膽怯、退縮,勇敢捍衛自己理論的堅毅性格。</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif";">葉浩老師在介紹鄂蘭提出的「平庸的邪惡」的內涵前,別出心裁地先引用了三個人、一部電影的說法,來談談一個人該怎樣處理「記憶」,以及鄂蘭對於「惡」這個觀念的轉變。</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">「眼前路」與「身後身」</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif";">三個人,指的是尼采、遠藤周作與班雅明,一部電影則是王家衛導演的《一代宗師》。</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif";">「關於一個人,一個民族或一個文化的健康而言,到底需要知道多少歷史才能好好活著,是最重要的問題。因為,太多的歷史會壓垮生活,讓人不健康。此外,歷史本身也會跟著敗壞,變得不健康!」尼采認為,歷史這個東西大家必須斟酌服用,不用太多也不用太少,它關係一個文化、群體、國家的健康。到底我們要懂多少的歷史、在乎多大的程度,才對我們的文明有幫助?要是我們沒有處理好,太多或過少,都可能會有礙健康。記憶可能被修改,被扭曲、被假造,我們與過去的關係,究竟該是紀念的、懷古的或是批判的?</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif";">日本著名天主教作家遠藤周作,其著作不管是小說或是文學評論,都流露出濃厚的宗教意識,對罪惡、苦難、人性、神性皆有深入的辯證。「世人都犯了罪,虧缺了神的榮耀」、「時常行善而不犯罪的義人,世上實在沒有一個。所以世上沒有不犯罪的人。世上所有的人在神面前,都有虧欠,所以沒有一個不是犯罪的人。罪就是這樣的普及!普及到全世人的身上!」(《聖經》)一般而言,在深受基督信仰影響的西方語境中,「罪」指的是「虧欠」。但遠藤周作在他的代表作《沉默》中認為:「罪並不是一般人所想像的,如偷竊、說謊。
所謂罪,是指一個人通過另一個人的人生, 卻忘了留在那裡的雪泥鴻爪。」換言之,他主張,記憶是一種道德的問題,忘了對別人所做過的事情也是一種「罪」。這樣的想法恰好與尼采有個呼應,讓我們開始思考,我們應該要記得多少對別人做過的事情?</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif";">葉浩老師在演講中提到的第三個人是班雅明。他是鄂蘭的好朋友,他曾把自己的手稿交由鄂蘭保管。在班雅明躲避納粹追捕無望而自殺後,鄂蘭親自翻譯他的著作、寫導讀,引介他的著作進入英語世界。</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif";">「逝者與活人之間有一個祕密協議,如同之前的世世代代,我們在塵世的期待之中到來,也被賦予了微弱的彌賽亞力量——這力量的認領權屬於過去,想解決這種託付,代價也不低!」班雅明指出活著的人與那些曾經存在、但現在已經不在的人們之間彷彿有一個無形的約定。葉浩老師解釋,就像在戰場上,敵人把全部的人殲滅,不留活口,唯一的活口,肩負著回去報信的重責大任,他必須把整個故事或遭遇帶回去講給大家聽,所以留不留活口,這關係到整個後代的人知不知道、如何理解這件事。鄂蘭很在意班雅明此種論點。</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif";">我們可以試著想想看,為什麼有人要想盡辦法活著,活著回到故鄉,把戰場上發生的事告訴大家?其實,這裡就涉及到班雅明所說的,死的人與活著的人的祕密契約。人有一種觀念,就是我做不到的事情,要託付給下一代,讓下一代幫我完成;或者說,我在戰場上死了,人家記得我的唯一方式,就是我成為故事的主角。換言之,我們每人都會死,死了之後,誰記得我們?我們想要別人記得我們,只剩下成為「故事」這個方法而已。我們活著基本上就是在活一個故事,我們的存在,與是否有個故事供人傳頌有很大關係。我們做不到的事情,或是被誤解、被誣陷,會把希望放在下一代身上,會希望下一代的人能幫我平反,這個是班雅明所謂的「祕密契約」的概念。</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif";">演講中特別讓人眼睛一亮的,是葉浩老師還引用了《一代宗師》裡宮二對葉問的提醒:「拳不能只有眼前路,而沒有身後身。」宮二講的是拳法,她自己的拳法有「身後身」,但葉問卻只管一路往前打。葉浩老師認為,整部電影不只講拳法,還講人生,我們可以用這句話來檢視很多事情,比如,很多學科、很多理論,包括政治,是只管眼前路,不管身後身的。這關係到方法論的問題,也與葉浩老師接下來要帶領大家思考的議題有關。</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">不同意象同時並存</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</w:wrap></v:imagedata></v:shape><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif";">為了凸顯鄂蘭思想轉變的難得,也提醒聽眾,要隨時保持彈性、不被單一視角侷限,葉浩老師特地以維根斯坦在其著作中特別引用的「兔鴨圖」,以及能夠代表格氏塔心理學派主張的「老婦與少女圖」,和一張據說藏有九個人頭的圖片,告訴我們,雖然我們在這些圖片中,一次只能看到圖片中的一個意象,而不能「同時」看到兔和鴨、老婦與少女,但我們可以透過翻轉視角,主動在不同時刻看到不同的意象,也可以藉由他人的、外在的提示,來發現我們原本沒有看見的東西。</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1wZw_RG48eNW2EdaCXpxskwth29o0PCAuUOk2li6QXyQRsXxaDBUbNdoQTz9OUMtN2q1S6GvuUdpstDd5Fmw2a6oqVSWqB8vAqBvceSQQab7z0YKQ_CiuLDEngtHC4zXqn41OKl_Kiest/s1600/p0.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1wZw_RG48eNW2EdaCXpxskwth29o0PCAuUOk2li6QXyQRsXxaDBUbNdoQTz9OUMtN2q1S6GvuUdpstDd5Fmw2a6oqVSWqB8vAqBvceSQQab7z0YKQ_CiuLDEngtHC4zXqn41OKl_Kiest/s400/p0.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"> “Duck! Rabbit!” written by Amy Krouse Rosenthal</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixJYLx5u8_iJrJAxVcIWE4x9cWR7wjKcuhmoum6tCHWypJqih5p8BUIworuYwQki739aUMZL15A8rrhTczBbZghHFRBUe6ihUyFHm7nHXwij6P_UsU_TmZ25GTFIlaveNrAgjZgkMJOniq/s1600/p1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixJYLx5u8_iJrJAxVcIWE4x9cWR7wjKcuhmoum6tCHWypJqih5p8BUIworuYwQki739aUMZL15A8rrhTczBbZghHFRBUe6ihUyFHm7nHXwij6P_UsU_TmZ25GTFIlaveNrAgjZgkMJOniq/s640/p1.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">http://www.psychpost.org/2012/03/visual-illusions-part-i.html</td></tr>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif";">有了這些先備知識後,葉浩老師隨即正式介紹起漢娜鄂蘭的重要主張。</span><b><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">鄂蘭論極權主義底下的惡</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif";">1951<span lang="ZH-TW">年,鄂蘭在赴美十年後,正式取得美國公民身分,同年出版《極權主義的起源》;</span>1961<span lang="ZH-TW">年,鄂蘭毛遂自薦為《紐約客》報導全球注目的艾希曼大審,寫下《平凡的邪惡:艾希曼耶路撒冷大審紀實》一書。兩書間隔十年,提出兩個不同的關於「惡」的概念。不研究鄂蘭的人以為他腦袋不清楚,研究鄂蘭的人對她概念的轉變充滿興趣。</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif";">在猶太基督教的語境與康德的思想脈絡中,「惡」幾乎是根植於人心中的東西,寫在人的</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif";">DNA<span lang="ZH-TW">裡,有些人基本上就是不可能學好、不可能學善,那個惡基本上是根本,也就是所謂的「根本惡」(</span>radical
evil<span lang="ZH-TW">)。葉浩老師並用以下兩張圖片,來說明在西方傳統中對惡人的想像:左圖是被醜化的、被視為魔鬼的</span>Machiavelli<span lang="ZH-TW">,頭上長角;右圖是《浮士德》中的魔鬼</span>Mephistopheles<span lang="ZH-TW">。</span><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiShouLUkWgofPkDtKjWzoSgkXqyfayCHvahSR9WCrB6S22N-3plXlhOpZD1_-jn9m1dRFkuff8LSiKOq1geuXg6kFbdZVDVjBfY9LcQC2B4MGCO7xkAtutZr90v59ZseFKccK70bx-ijYE/s1600/p2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="301" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiShouLUkWgofPkDtKjWzoSgkXqyfayCHvahSR9WCrB6S22N-3plXlhOpZD1_-jn9m1dRFkuff8LSiKOq1geuXg6kFbdZVDVjBfY9LcQC2B4MGCO7xkAtutZr90v59ZseFKccK70bx-ijYE/s400/p2.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">http://zachfranzen.com/2010/02/27/machiavelli-is-the-devil/<br />
http://avengersalliance.wikia.com/wiki/File:Mephisto.png</td></tr>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">西方已經有這個傳統,把惡想像成這樣,
認為邪惡是根本的、無從改變的。鄂蘭對邪惡的理解,早期是像希特勒這樣從骨子裡就是邪惡的人。但接下來麻煩了,因為有艾希曼這樣的人的出現。艾希曼是個德國納粹官僚制度下典型的公務員,蓋章,讓人家去死。所以這裡出現一個問題,艾希曼在法庭上爭辯:我只是一個公務員,奉公守法,遵守上級的指示,我有什麼錯?二次世界大戰結束後,艾希曼逃到阿根廷,被以色列政府抓回耶路撒冷受審,鄂蘭自告奮勇幫《紐約客》寫報導,全程參與此次審判。她想瞭解艾希曼在想什麼、想瞭解這是一個什麼樣的人。但艾希曼說,人不是我殺的,法律不是我定的,關我什麼事?這樣的人做了一連串可怕的事情,殺害了許多猶太人,但他不覺得他有錯。</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">大家覺得希特勒是天生的、根本的邪惡,我們把全部的過錯歸結於他即可,很簡單。但艾希曼和希特勒不同,他心中沒有任何邪惡的概念,反而覺得這樣的指令很好,解決猶太人等於解決人口問題,他可能還覺得自己在做好事。他就是這樣的人,這樣有錯嗎?這樣的邏輯,就像從前基督徒的思考模式:我殺不死一個人,我如果殺一個人,他死不死是神決定的,他死了之後去哪裡也是神決定的。好像這個殺人的人完全沒有責任。一般人想要很直接的指責艾希曼和希特勒一樣,是惡魔,是壞到骨子裡的人,就像我們會妖魔化某個政權,好像我們就心安了,就沒事了。</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">但艾希曼不像大家想得那麼邪惡,艾希曼平凡到不會思考,不覺得大量猶太人失去生命是一件壞事,反正人也不是他殺的,認真說來他還幫忙解決了國家的問題。鄂蘭發現他是不會思考的人,在獨裁極權政權底下,跟著政府做事情比較簡單,思考反而比較困難。</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">「思考」即永不停歇的內在對話</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">對鄂蘭而說,思考是聽你內在聲音的自我對話,來來回回的對話,這叫思考。我們可以追問,提防極權主義、獨裁政權的出現,只有思考,沒有別的方法,這是對的嗎?葉浩老師說,思考的過程就像拉拉鍊,把它拉下來,打開,重新再想一遍,可能會有新的思想、判斷出現。</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">極權主義基本上就像恐怖情人,它要你的肉體、心裡、靈魂二十四小時都要想著它,當然,它還會隨時打電話、或有個抽查。集權主義還要你「信仰」它,比如說發個小冊子,要你背誦,要你虔誠地忠於它。集權主義讓你的思維無法思考,讓你封閉起來,掌控你所有的行動,要你發自內心地完全相信它,內化它要你內化的東西,要你相信它的領導人像神一樣,需要膜拜,每天回家要對他的照片敬禮。大家都很熟悉,臺灣也有過這樣的情況。</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">所以惡的起源是什麼?鄂蘭觀察、探問:為什麼會有艾希曼這樣的人?她認為主要是因為人跟人的疏離感,因為寂寞,沒有更高的理想或人生意義,沒有其他方式證明自己,理想或意義都由國家來灌輸、來賦予。</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">極權主義之下,人民有兩個策略,一個是「內在移民」,撤退回去,不管自己的公民身分,隱入自己的內在碉堡,追求「小確幸」,成為與世隔絕的人;不採取「內在移民」的人,就是聽政府的話,政府告訴我的是對的,那我就擁抱。但這兩個方法最後都還是會鞏固了極權主義。</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">鄂蘭花了十來年的時間,來區分、探討「根本惡」與「平庸者的惡」,她發現平庸者的惡,往往是現代官僚主義下常常會出現的。臺灣也是這樣,幫王如玄辯護的國民黨青年團執行長李正皓,自承沒有把王如玄購買軍宅的實際戶數說出來,在「良心」與「職責」之間非常掙扎。但看起來他最後終究選了「職責」。那麼,選了「職責」,不就是昧了「良心」嗎?</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">生命的三個境界:勞動、工作、行動</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">鄂蘭認為極權主義除了要有一個邪惡的人外,還要有千千萬萬配合他的人,寂寞的人、疏離的人,國家才會搞成這個樣子。晚期鄂蘭開始思考另一個重要並相關的問題,即:「人」能否面對和抵制、避免走向疏離的命運?</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">鄂蘭在《人的條件》這本書中,提出人的生命的三個境界,嘗試把整個人生哲學提高。她把不同人放進不同的人生境界,這三種境界分別是「勞動」、「工作」、「行動」。她把所有人的活動分成這三種。</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">「勞動」指的是人類跟動物一樣,為了生存的活動,如吃飯、洗澡、睡覺、買東西,人類為了活著,必須日復一日做這些事情,其時間感是循環的。</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">第二階段是「工作」,時間感是線性的,我想要做出一件什麼樣的事情、什麼時候必須做完,都是往下發展的,有一個期限的。比如你寫稿子,就算你沒有線性時間感,別人也一定會催稿。「工作」基本上就是「製作」,你會製作出一個東西或產品來,東西的存在一定處在時間裡面,好的職人、達人做出來的東西一定比我們的存在時間久,像是我們生活中的杯子、椅子,存在世間的時間一定比我們大部分人都長久。比如我們寫一本書,會想著這本書要留給什麼人看,這都是時間感。工作可以製造出一個人與人彼此可以認識的世界,人與人可以在其中活動,「工作」超乎了「生存」。</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">葉浩老師打趣的說,「生存」與「生活」的分別,在場很多人都能明白,對很多留學生來說,我得寫完論文才能談「生活」。</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">鄂蘭指出的更高階的境界,是共同的生活、集體的生活,我們有了世界後彼此互動,知道自己是誰、別人是誰,我們才有一個對自己更好的理解,我活著是為了什麼、有什麼意義,我要做什麼才能讓後人記得我,這就是「行動」,它關乎集體的「記憶」,人們的尊嚴,在這個層次裡,人們追求的是「不朽」的概念。</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">「工作」會留下痕跡,「行動」會創作、留下無形的東西,這東西會進入歷史裡面,人的最高境界,從鄂蘭的角度來看,是在一群人裡面、有歷史的人裡面,追求共同的未來,留下一些偉大的故事,讓後人去流傳。這種「不朽」並不是時間上的永恆,歷史的「不朽」指的是後代、後來的人還記得你的偉大。</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">為了怕大家分不清楚,葉浩老師特別強調「時間觀」與「歷史觀」的不同。歷史基本上是「某一群人的故事」,故事的本質是開放的,如同世界的本質也是一種開放。有趣的來了,有個歷史觀的話,有某一群人的故事,鄂蘭認為它不可以淪為下一代的枷鎖,不可以不允許他們從既定的故事情節之中得到釋放,開創自身的歷史。換言之,後代的人永遠可以為自己開創歷史、開啟新的因果鏈結。</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">不要忘記人有行動與創造奇蹟的能力</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">鄂蘭認為「行動」只有一種,就是「起新」,展開新的因果鏈結。如果同一條因果鏈結裡面,你把它完成了,這不叫「行動」,叫「製作」。如果一個人製造椅子,花了三天時間努力的把它做出來,你都還是在同一條因果鏈結裡面,你沒有做另一件新的事情,這叫「製作」不叫「行動」,這是鄂蘭對「行動」的定義。</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">德國人喜歡創造新詞,鄂蘭創了很多新詞,造成中文世界好多人的誤解。比如說她講「責任」,我們會理解成「</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">responsibility<span lang="ZH-TW">」,但對她而言,</span>responsibility<span lang="ZH-TW">不只是「責任」,而是「回應的能力」、「</span>respond<span lang="ZH-TW">的能力」。所以鄂蘭說艾希曼在當時沒有責任感,別人都聽得一知半解。如果要瞭解鄂蘭的意思,必須進入她的語境脈絡才有辦法,她的英文很特殊,都是自己下的定義,所以有有一本書叫《鄂蘭的英語》,讀鄂蘭著作的時候可以隨時參考、對照。</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">再強調一次,對鄂蘭來說,開創新的因果鏈結才叫「行動」。「行為」是個「勞動」而已;如果按照原先的計畫進行,那頂多叫「製作」。「行動」是「起新」、「開創新的因果鏈結」,從而「不朽」。「不朽」不等於「永生」(</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">eternal
life<span lang="ZH-TW">),永生是時間裡的概念,真正的不朽其實是個史觀裡的不朽,我們一群人或整個社群,創造了什麼事情,讓後人記得。</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">「起新」關乎人的本質跟尊嚴,正如同班雅明的說法,我們都是在別人的期待中進入這個世界,我們的生命剛開始時都是在別人的期待中,但新的生命是為了創造新的事情,而不是來延續別人的事情,除非你願意。鄂蘭大聲疾呼,「政治」不是製造業,政治的關鍵與意義在於「行動」。</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">行動可以創造奇蹟,鄂蘭的博士論文是寫奧古斯丁的新、對新生命的概念、對愛的概念。奧古斯丁說:「為了要有開始,人受造了,之前並無別人」。鄂蘭說,起新、開創可以改變世界,人的本質就是行動,就是斷開之前的因果鏈結。問題是,有多少人記得、多少人忘記這件事情?</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">回過頭來重新整理一下「根本惡」與「平庸者的惡」,以及鄂蘭為此開的處方。這個極權主義的興起,有屬於艾希曼這樣的人,他們失去了世界,失去了共同的記憶,失去了行動力。任何行動必須在一群人裡面才可以做,像政治行動一樣必須在社群裡面。人跟世間的疏離,有人會採取內在移民的方式,離開了我們的世界,處在平行時空裡。托克維爾十九世紀就提過「小確幸」將是讓美國民主消亡最根本的原因。(《民主在美國》:「我看見無數相似而平等的人陀螺般原地打轉,追逐微小而庸俗的小確幸來填補心靈。每個人都沈默寡言,離群索居,對他人的命運毫不關心——對他們來說,他們的子女和朋友就是全人類!他們與同胞居住一地,卻對身邊的人視若無睹。」)</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">這一類人失去了世界,以及跟世界的連結,其倫理道德就會像餐廳禮儀一樣,變得不重要。在中文世界裡「道德」跟「倫理」是混在一起的,跟西方要把事情講清楚的傳統不同。「倫理」跟「道德」其實是不同的。「倫理」是一群人彼此之間的人倫關係,是會變動的。道德是光事情本身的對錯,不管你信不信、喜不喜歡,關乎的是我自己的內在思考。對鄂蘭來講,失去世界的人,不但失去與自己的對話、失去道德,也失去倫理。簡單來說,鄂蘭整個後期就是要恢復她政治行動的概念,強調公領域的興起,強調一群人有共同史觀的人一起做一件偉大的事情,比如革命。</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">瞭解了鄂蘭的政治思想後,葉浩老師接著跟大家談論到現實生活中的各式政治行動。</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">有差異才有民主政治</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">對鄂蘭來說,政治的可能來自於人的複數性(</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">plurality<span lang="ZH-TW">),也就是自由與平等的每個人,在彼此的交往互動中,體認到「差異」。唯有「差異」的存在,才有「自我」的存在,只有多樣的不同,才有政治的可能。如果大家都一樣,像每人穿一樣的制服、抄一樣的書,連老師都講一樣的話,那不會有政治。極權底下每個人都講一樣的話,那不會有政治的可能性。</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">差異是每個人都知道自己是誰,做出不同的事。人的本質基本上就是起新、開創,確認我們是誰、誰的故事作為起點。那麼問題就是,上一輩的故事對我們是不是枷鎖?班雅明認為活人跟死者都有一個祕密協議,但不容易完成,後面的人不一定要接受前代人,除非他願意。如果他願意,那就是鄂蘭說的,在同一個社群裡。我們要不要完成上一代人的遺志?我算什麼?如果我直接繼承、沒有經過思考,那鄂蘭會問你,你是勞動還是製作?你是別人製造出的東西而已嗎?你的自主性在哪裡?歷史的認知可以是枷鎖,也可能是幫上一輩完成一個救贖的力量。這劑量怎麼調?太多,你活著沒意義;太少,你跟前人失去了關係。不管是一個人或族群、國家,都會有這樣的問題。鄂蘭認為歷史是開放的,都有新的因果鏈可以產生新的故事,歷史都有多重視角的可能性。</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">「課綱微調」的爭議在哪裡?</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">「課綱微調」是什麼?爭議性在哪裡?大中國歷史觀可以想像成是一個封閉的歷史觀,但我們也可以重新開一個新的因果鏈。鄂蘭認為美國偉大的地方就在這裡,美國革命開啟了一個創新的行動,美國如果沒有革命,還是在英國的史觀下,還是在同樣的因果鏈結底下。</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">葉浩老師說他到美國半年感到最神祕的地方是,這裡不該是一個講英語的地方,當初這裡有西班牙文、有法語,美國人應該好好研究,當初是怎樣的暴力施壓,才讓所有人都講英語。</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">大中國史觀是我們的枷鎖?還是我們需要救贖?統一大中國的事業,對鄂蘭來講絕對不是一個行動,而是製作。統一中國大業誰開始想的?國民黨。中華人民共和國以前也沒想到要臺灣,</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">1978<span lang="ZH-TW">年才想到要,以前沒想到,如果我們爛一點的話,可能他們也不要。對鄂蘭來講,這是一個活著的自主意念,我們究竟要完成這個大業,還是它是一個上一輩留下來的枷鎖?如果一個人是不自由的,它與行動無關,對鄂蘭來講,它是暴力。所有讓我們忘記有自由、有選擇的活動都是暴力。壓迫某個族群就是暴力。她指出一件非常有趣的事,人的本質就是想起新、創造,被壓迫的話早晚就會引發暴力。</span>911<span lang="ZH-TW">後很多人開始談鄂蘭的暴力的概念。人不創新、不改變,壓抑的結果早晚會衍伸出暴力。</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">我們現在面臨到你要承襲的是什麼,臺灣獨立?中國的一省,統一的大業?看一下中研院的研究,曾經,「民國」對臺灣是一個敵國(見《民國乃敵國也:政治文化轉型下的清遺民》),二次世界大戰時,臺灣是跟「中華民國」打戰,而不是跟日本人。</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">藍、綠各自的「轉型正義」</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">從鄂蘭的論述,葉浩老師說我們還可以來看一下臺灣藍綠雙方對「轉型正義」的爭執。</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">綠營認為整個轉型還沒有成功,有轉型,沒有正義,臺灣人還沒有自主、還沒有能夠決定自己命運的時刻。政治關乎一群人決定自己的命運,民主關乎一群人參與命運。</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">藍營認為我們轉型成功啦,過去的黨國體制有其歷史的特殊性,黨產也合法啊(因為法律都我們定的嘛),如果要談歷史,請記得我們對民主改革有功,如果沒有我們,哪裡有民主呢?藍營這種概念就像有人偷了我們的十塊錢,然後他把錢還我們,還要求我們感謝他一樣。</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">綠營有一個連續史觀的想像,過去是想像而來的,未來是還沒發生的,但它很在意「身後身」,如國民黨的黨產啊。對綠營來說涉及的是如何理解過去,眼前是還沒發生的事情。至於國民黨的「身後身」,頂多是黨產合法。它們採新自由主義的方法論觀點,這一派主張所有人都是自私自利的,每個人要彼此互相獲利,經貿緊密合作,就有和平。藍營要拋開歷史,兩岸共創雙贏,只有眼前路,沒有歷史,沒有身後身。不同國家的學術傳統、想像很不一樣,國民黨比較像美國,美國人不太讀歷史,一讀就讀到英國去了,國民黨一樣不講身後身。</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">「記憶」是一個道德的問題,今天走過一些事情、做過一些事情,有人會說不要記得。葉浩老師打趣的說,那請這種人去找他,他要跟對方借錢,借了就忘記,不需要還。有人會一直說,過去的枷鎖趕快掙脫它,趕快面對未來。尼采提醒我們,要記得多少?多少才健康?歷史學家某種程度上是幫集體在記憶的一群人,那究竟要記得多少?班雅明問,死者跟活人之間,我們要如何拿捏?我們要問,誰是你的上一輩?你要接續的是誰的還沒有完成的遺志?我們每個人都可以是彌賽亞。平反我們的上一輩,我們就是彌賽亞;有人死了,他希望他的遺志有人能夠承接、完成,那他就是把我們當成彌賽亞。</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">透過鄂蘭和她的好朋友班雅明的思考,我們可以來思考,對待歷史的不正義,或以前發生的事情。向前看的「遺忘式」的轉型正義,通常是國民黨的做法,過去的不要再想了,如果要想,就記得我的好就夠了,沒有我,就沒有民主轉型。</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">回頭看的,通常是「清算型」的轉型正義,但民進黨不敢說,民進黨不敢清算。全球一百多個國家都有轉型正義的問題,整個東歐,尤其是德國的轉型正義,通常是清算型的轉型正義。清算到什麼程度?到現在哦,很老的教授,要是被發現以前與納粹有關,是要被革職的。德國認為清算就等於清除癌細胞,要完全清除,才有康復、法治的可能性,德國有它的特殊性,清算得非常徹底,南韓也是一樣。只有西班牙採取遺忘式的轉型正義。</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">清算型的轉型正義、遺忘式的轉型正義之外,還有一種可能,南非曾經做過政治和解,是典型的「瞻前顧後」,要向前看也要往後看。南非比較特殊,南非的「身後身」有基督教的白人傳統,黑人也有和解、原諒的文化,所以他們有真相調查委員會,屬於瞻前顧後型的。我們可以去思考,如果我們沒有這種傳統的話,應該怎麼做。</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">政治和解的希望基礎</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">鄂蘭採多重視角的史觀,她認為人的本質就是生、開創,</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">natality<span lang="ZH-TW">。人都有一個和解、創新的基礎。我們來就是想改變、想要開創一個新的可能性,這是一個寫在我們人類認知的、心理的結構裡面的東西。但是在族群裡我們可以怎麼做?從尋找共同的故事開始,可能是悲劇性的歷史敘事,或是多重視角的史觀。</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">所謂多重視角的史觀像是一個不相容的史觀,但兩個都對。《名偵探柯南》告訴我們「真相只有一個」,沒錯,但真相是不是只有一面?一個媽媽問小孩,桌子是什麼顏色?在桌子底下的小孩說是黑色,媽媽覺得完蛋了,桌子明明是白色的。「桌子是什麼顏色的?」這個問題本身預設桌子只有一種顏色,而且認為只有桌子上方的顏色才是正確的。</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">我們太習慣線性史觀,強調「一群人」,那「一群人」是誰?如果你要一個單一的、單一族群的線性史觀,在臺灣只會形成暴力,因為你會壓縮其他族群。尤其很多人喜歡講「共識」,認為「共識」好像是「同一種想法」、「一模一樣的想法」,可是其實「共識」有不一樣的理解,</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2<span lang="ZH-TW">加</span>2<span lang="ZH-TW">等於</span>4<span lang="ZH-TW">,</span>1<span lang="ZH-TW">加</span>3<span lang="ZH-TW">也是等於</span>4<span lang="ZH-TW">啊。如果歷史犧牲掉某些人,這叫做暴力,你讓某些人消失,一樣是暴力。國民黨兩百萬人進到臺灣,一百萬人是軍隊,一百萬人是中產階級,那時臺灣有六百萬人,但歷史講的是國民黨那兩百萬人的故事,而沒有臺灣六百萬人的故事,這就是暴力。如果現在要翻轉,讓這兩百萬人的故事消失,那一樣是暴力。</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">從鄂蘭的角度來講,一個人活著就是要成就一個故事讓後人傳頌,如果你的故事被抹煞掉,就是暴力,很大的暴力。那麼應該怎麼做呢?史觀跟前面的視覺差異的圖一樣,你說她是個老婦人、年輕少女,都對,但不能排除其中一個,要結合、要並置,不能只有單一族群的史觀。臺灣的家長最喜歡、一定要老師說出一個標準答案來,否則就覺得這世界完蛋了。</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">真相是「加乘」的,而不是「裁剪」,「裁剪」排除了其他人。葉浩老師以前每每喜歡挑戰老師,所以高一讀了四次,都被退學,好不容易讀到高二,又讀不下去了,只好離開臺灣去英國了,所以他在臺灣的學歷只到「中二」。葉浩老師說,「歷史」是他這輩子最爛的科目。他後來去英國念高中,英國的高中分兩個階段,前兩年、後兩年,後兩年是自己選修</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">3<span lang="ZH-TW">至</span>5<span lang="ZH-TW">門課,拿這些課的成績去申請大學。後兩年他選了一門現代史,第一堂課教的是「史觀」,誰寫歷史、寫給誰看,這是歷史。分組作業,一組扮演德軍,一組扮演英國,兩組互相辯論,這叫學歷史,學所有人的歷史,要求你去想另一方的想法,被逼迫去想另一個族群的人怎麼思考、怎麼看這個世界,它強迫你必須去轉換,去瞭解另一方的思想。不會強迫背誦單一史觀,甚至妖魔化別人。</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">「空心」不好嗎? </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">談政治的「和解」有兩種,就跟談「寬容」一樣,一種是化解爭議,化解差異,形成共識,然後只有一個族群的聲音;一種是多重視角的呈現,允許不同聲音同時出現。後者只能是空心的,空心就是一種程序,民主本身就是空心的。每個人帶著自己想要的東西進來投票,但你支持的對象不一定贏,你必須接受結果。如果今天你支持的對象選輸了,你可不可以說「那是你們的總統,不是我的總統?」</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">阿扁選上總統時,葉浩老師說他正在倫敦政經學院讀碩士,教會裡的人、臺灣同學每次提到陳水扁,都跟他說「『你們那個』陳水扁」,好像那不是對方的總統。那麼你支持的是人還是制度?民主應該是要接受這個程序產生的結果,肯認這個制度。臺灣有些人接受了民主概念,有些人還沒。有些人永遠只看到老婦人,但有些人已經轉型了,接受民主;有些人轉型過了,甚至能接受還沒轉型、還沒接受民主概念的人。</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">有一種理解、和解是心理感受,它很難。西方世界的寬容是在一個宗教背景中產生的,新教、舊教有很多差異與辯論,到最後決定寬容。這個制度允許你做事的方式,你可以相信你相信的事;不同國家可以信仰不同的教派,後來進步到一個國家可以允許人民信仰不同的教派。</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">換言之,寬容、和解也是一種政治制度。西方到目前為止只有兩種支持民主制度的方法。一種是精英制,認為民主價值最可貴的,就像審議民主一樣,相信它會找到最好的、單一的解決問題的方式。另一種方法,認為民主本身的價值就在於每個人有表達的自由,選出來的不一定是最好的,民主就是一個程序,讓不同人有表達的自由。這兩種,要嘛答案是最棒的,要嘛答案是最符合正當性的。</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">和解是有可能的,我們把和解帶進民主制度,會有不一樣的思考,民主不單是選出最棒的或是最正當的問題,而是讓政府調整時差的一個程序。有些政府還活在一百年前,有的活在十九世紀,「起手式」是說當初八國聯軍如何如何,有的人是說國、共如何如何,有的人說炎黃子孫五千年前怎樣怎樣。你可以有各種不同史觀,民主制度就是讓你調整時差。一,先讓政府與民意調整距離;二,讓不同時差的人藉由投票的方式調整時差、重建現實感。來來回回、每幾年調整一次,讓政府與民意接近,提醒不同時差的人要有現實感,化解時間差異。這本身是一種制度性的和解,化解時間觀的差異的制度。同樣的,在歷史教育或是歷史書寫上,葉浩老師提醒大家,我們可能要試著放棄對「共識」的追求,臺灣和臺灣的教育太喜歡標準答案了。</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">兩個小時的演講,在葉浩老師謝謝大家「坐好坐滿」所引發的笑聲中結束,接下來,則是將近一個小時的現場問答:</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">問答與互動</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Q1<span lang="ZH-TW">:可否請老師釐清一下柏拉圖與鄂蘭對於「惡」的觀點。</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">A1<span lang="ZH-TW">:這世界有根本惡,像希特勒,但這種惡比較少見;適用於一般老百姓,惡最基本的定義,是不思考。典型猶太教的觀念指的是「善的缺席」。對鄂蘭來說,你服從權威,你接受別人的判斷,不思考,就是惡。日常生活中,官僚體制下,很多人都是這樣,不思考。</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">柏拉圖被歸類為是違反民主的精英體制。柏拉圖的政治思考起點是怎麼避免暴民制的民主制度,談如何篩選人,直至精英的出現。柏拉圖被一些學者歸類為整個極權制度的起源。比較精確的說,柏拉圖是反民主的精英論者。柏拉圖的這種精英制,造成很多極權主義者。柏拉圖要拿教育體制來取代整個政治。如果你支持柏拉圖的話,你就會反民主,認為國家要由最厲害的人來領導,就像開船,要找一個最會開船的,不能由笨蛋來開船。這其實就是典型國民黨的想法,我們是精英、是最優秀的人,我們才能來領導國家。</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Q2<span lang="ZH-TW">:老師提到班雅明的學說,請教老師認為下一代要選擇負多少責任?鄂蘭的「行動」與「製作」的差別在哪裡?只需要「開創」就好嗎?還是要有怎樣的追求?</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">A2<span lang="ZH-TW">:我本身是基督徒,有些人會認為基督徒是不思考的人,但我依然認為真理越辯越明。神學本身對我是一種討論。很多人讀完神學畢業後都失去了信仰,這也是很正常的事情。「思考」本身帶有風險,「行動」本身的風險更大。你要建國、統一,可能不是你完成的,可能是你的下一代,你有意志想要完成,但未必能遂意;「製作」是你自己可掌控的。神學院也是一樣,你有兩種製造基督徒的方式,一種是惡魔附身啊,你要斬斷,但對不起,這不是我認為的方法;另一種方法是不斷討論,去確認各種風險,然後去接受。信仰本身是有風險的,否則你只是把神壓縮在你自己的理解之下。你不一定要把神壓縮在科學或其他的世界觀裡,這就是風險。前者否定了開放性、否定了自由意志。</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">班雅明是一個個人主義者,他的世界觀是「我跟神之間的關係」,不太管跟其他人的連結。他的活人跟死人,指的是跟猶太人祖先、人跟神之間的關係,鄂蘭把它引用到政治上來。鄂蘭的民主是共和式的民主,百花齊放,有不同的聲音,但你要有一個程序來喊卡,喊卡,才能有下一個階段的百花齊放、不同的聲音。</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Q3<span lang="ZH-TW">:請老師多談談臺灣的轉型正義。</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">A3<span lang="ZH-TW">:可以採「清算型轉型正義」的是可以跟過去切割乾淨的政權,但臺灣很難,因為臺灣一直是同一個黨。日本也很難,因為天皇是同一個系統,如果要採清算型的轉型正義,那天皇要廢掉,你不可能同時承認天皇錯了,又尊崇天皇。共產黨採取清算式的轉型正義,清算國民黨,然後又惡搞了一次文革。現在也有一堆帳還沒算清楚。整個東亞要採取單一史觀,太難了。</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">臺灣特殊的地方是,所有國家的方式都沒辦法硬套。國民黨要你記得他的好;民進黨說要清算,但不清算人,只想清算黨產。我們想學南非,我們有「民間的」真相調查委員會,但民間沒有調查的能力與權限,政府則沒有正式的委員會(組織)。臺灣太神祕了。</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Q4<span lang="ZH-TW">:如何解決臺灣的問題?要告訴我們方法啊。</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">A4<span lang="ZH-TW">:要先有清楚的邏輯、把問題搞清楚吧。我們會不會太寬容,在太多的事情上?在臺灣有很多很簡單的邏輯問題,都被大人壓抑下去了。歷史課本也有很多明顯邏輯不通的東西。</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Q5<span lang="ZH-TW">:鄂蘭指責一般人的惡嗎?</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">A5<span lang="ZH-TW">:鄂蘭認為只有當時配合的官僚、公務人員是不思考的惡、家常便飯的惡。一般的人民是採取內在移民,過著小確幸的生活。我們在清算罪的時候,絕對不能是說我們集體的、大家的惡。集體的惡就是不承認惡,所以鄂蘭還是想要去分辨每個公務員的行為。集體的惡代表沒事了、逃脫了,不好好認錯、改錯。「不義」有兩種,一種是人為;一種是天然的、自然的現象。極權是人為,如果不追究,無法從歷史裡學到教訓。唯有清算,確認誰該負責,弄清楚不義是人為或自然的,才能有下一步。</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Q6<span lang="ZH-TW">:可否談談江宜樺,他是研究鄂蘭的人。</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">A6<span lang="ZH-TW">:鄂蘭一般被認為是亞里斯多德主義者,亞里斯多德提出人是社群動物的概念。江宜樺比較特殊吧,最簡單的方法是,讓他的書放著吧,可以讓大家檢視。我們的時代跟鄂蘭的時代有些不一樣,我們在行動上有更多的條件,是鄂蘭沒有想到過的複雜。現代人要言行不一比以前困難的多,你講過的話都可以在網路上都可以找到、被挖出來。我信奉民主,所以我沒辦法,各種不同的聲音都讓他存在,用約翰彌爾(</span>John
Stuart Mill<span lang="ZH-TW">)的講法是,錯誤的概念有必要存在,如果沒有錯誤的想法,你的主張只會是死的教條,而非活的真理。你要相信某些東西,一定會有人來挑戰你,我們可以用邏輯來解決。對約翰彌爾來說,極端到要是一件事沒有反方意見的話,應該要有人出來製造一下比較好。在我們的時代,不缺反方意見,那就擺上來一起討論嘛,潮水退了,就會知道誰沒穿褲子。我們有一堆荒謬的地方,我們的政治理念有很多不合邏輯的地方。</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">有些中國朋友常常會武斷的要你承認你就是中國人,那你可以請他定義一下何謂中國人,是文化呢?還是人種呢?如果是人種的話,「中國」並不是同一人種,有一些少數人種、族群,這些人就應該把他們排除出去、讓他們獨立;如果是文化的話,那謝謝,為什麼同一文化都要是同一個國家?那你先叫美國回歸英國懷抱。</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">我的方法是,讓荒謬去顯現荒謬。我們面臨一個政治學上的困境,從前民主國家要輸出到其他國家,該民主國家一直是一個強勢國家。臺灣是民主國家,卻是相對弱勢,中國因素突顯出民主的脆弱性,但解決方法不是鎖國或封閉,而是應該更民主。</span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">與會合影<br />
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">協辦: 哈佛台灣同學會</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">文字: 李麗美</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">攝影: Yi-Chien Chang</span></span></div>
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Chiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15396393080234702748noreply@blogger.com0Cambridge, MA, USA42.3800977 -71.11662860000001342.3683687 -71.1367986 42.3918267 -71.09645860000002tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-596560882155774768.post-88673423089569942892016-01-20T19:14:00.001-05:002016-01-20T19:16:28.992-05:00Play Hard Study Hard: Learning science through gaming <br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">講者:鄭夢慈</td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2015年歲末主題” Play hard, Study hard”的演講中,講者彰師大</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18.2727px;">鄭夢慈副教授,</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.6667px; line-height: 1.38; white-space: pre-wrap;">以近幾年來的研究計畫成果展示如何將電玩遊戲應用於科學教育,以對於學生的科學學習能有所助益。在取得科學教育博士學位之前,講者大學與碩士就讀的是生物相關科系,因此,講者實驗室所開發的遊戲多著重於中學生的生物科學習。並且也因為具有科學背景,能夠提供講者不同視角,有別於一般的教育研究,講者分別從認知、神經科學、心理學等不同面向,提出科學證據來解釋電玩遊戲對於學生認知發展的影響,並說明電玩遊戲應用於科學教育的潛力。除展示其實驗室至今為止所開發的多款桌遊及電玩遊戲外,講者很重要的研究成果在於探討玩家與遊戲機制的互動以及遊戲時的經驗感受。相較於過去的研究多著重於心流經驗(Flow experience)對於學習的影響,講者則認為,沈浸經驗(immersion)更適合描述玩家的主觀遊戲感受。講者主張遊戲時玩家會漸進式的經歷三階段的沈浸經驗,分別為” Engagement, engrossment, and total immersion”,講者並進一步提供科學數據證明:教育遊戲能夠讓學習者經歷不同階段的沈浸經驗,而這樣的遊戲經驗的確對於學習成效會有正向的影響。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">從電玩到廣義遊戲</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">雖然講者以「電玩遊戲」為例,但主要的核心是「玩」以及「遊戲」。用遊戲來幫助學生學習在台灣是相當新穎的概念,但國外成功案例屢見不鮮。數年前盛極一時的理財暢銷書「富爸爸,窮爸爸」的作者羅伯特.清崎,就是用「老鼠滾輪」桌上型遊戲,來傳達他的理財理念。除了傳統的電玩及桌遊之外,說故事、電影、戲劇、旅遊,以及諸多休閒活動,只要能把知識內容和陳舊的授課考試形式脫鉤,讓學生在嬉玩的心態下學習,都屬於「廣義遊戲」的範圍,值得加以討論以及實驗。舉筆者親身的經歷為例:在中學歷史課的時候,歷史老師便以實境說書秀的模式進行授課,在不需教科書的情況下傳達所有的必考重點,這種如同電玩一般引人入勝的功效,至今仍然令人念念不忘。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">改變教育目的的重要性</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">除了教育方法學的改變,探討教育的目的是另一根本性的問題。國人對於學習的終極目標幾乎是以升學為主要考量,若是該學習方法無法有效提升考試成績,再有趣的遊戲,能夠從中學到再多東西,也會被大部分的家長視為浪費學習時間的活動加以禁止。因此改變升學評量方式,甚至改變所有國人對於教育目的之看法,很可能是改變教學模式成功的主要關鍵。若大家不排除形式主義,堅持考試是唯一測驗學生學習成效的方法,再好的教學模式恐怕也難以收到預期的效果。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">從必考學科到本土意識的推廣</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">除了使用遊戲的方式改變傳統學科教材,若借用這套理念應用在本土教育的推廣,必定會比傳統的教材或書籍得到更有效的成果。舉例來說,可以把講者設計出來的自然史遊戲「虛擬四十六億年」改成「虛擬台灣四百年」,讓更多人自然而然的對台灣的歷史以及人物產生認同感;就如同很多人對於魏晉歷史的了解來自三國無雙而非三國演義;想去馬丘比丘旅行的衝動源自「世紀帝國」而非地理課本一般。由於電腦遊戲製作成本昂貴,桌上型遊戲可能是較為可行的方案,目前台科大侯惠澤老師的「走過台灣」是個很好的例子。另外有團體發行「美麗島風雲」等桌遊使用戲謔的方式來讓人認識威權時代的遺緒,雖頗具針對性,但其「寓教於樂」之精神仍不失為參考範例之一。</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">與會合影</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; line-height: 20.24px; white-space: pre-wrap;">筆者:林聖軒</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; line-height: 20.24px; white-space: pre-wrap;">攝影:鍾佳君</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; line-height: 20.24px; white-space: pre-wrap;">講者簡介:</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18.2727px;">鄭夢慈,國立彰化師範大學生物系副教授,</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18.2727px;">主要研究專長為嚴肅教育遊戲在科學教育上的</span><wbr style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18.2727px;"></wbr><span class="word_break" style="background-color: white; color: #141823; display: inline-block; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18.2727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18.2727px;">應用,尤其著重於中學生的生物科學習。其研究團隊所設計</span><wbr style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18.2727px;"></wbr><span class="word_break" style="background-color: white; color: #141823; display: inline-block; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18.2727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18.2727px;">的嚴肅教育遊戲不僅獲准中華民國發明型專利,其對於遊戲</span><wbr style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18.2727px;"></wbr><span class="word_break" style="background-color: white; color: #141823; display: inline-block; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18.2727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18.2727px;">機制、玩家感受、與科學學習的深入探討也已發表在國外許</span><wbr style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18.2727px;"></wbr><span class="word_break" style="background-color: white; color: #141823; display: inline-block; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18.2727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18.2727px;">多著名期刊當中。講者亦為科技部104年度「吳大猷先生</span><wbr style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18.2727px;"></wbr><span class="word_break" style="background-color: white; color: #141823; display: inline-block; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18.2727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18.2727px;">紀念獎」科學教育獲獎人。</span></div>
Marburghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08438436788611014690noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-596560882155774768.post-45653901165593767692015-11-21T23:17:00.000-05:002015-11-28T09:13:06.980-05:00白牆之外 - 何謂塗鴉藝術?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">講者 黃曉薇</td></tr>
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風景區「到此一遊」的惱人塗鴉、都市裡變電箱上油漆塗成的各種造景...這些生活
中隨處可見的塗鴉,是一種修飾或者是破壞?講者從「訊息傳達」的觀點跟大家分
享國內外知名的塗鴉者如何透過塗鴉這種活動,有目的地介入空間競爭、傳達政治
訴求以及透過擾動的行動激發觀者對於藝術與權力的反思。 <br />
塗鴉最早起源自紐約貧民窟,以塗鴉佔領他人的空間,是一種貧民抗議貧富不均、
宣示空間主權的手段。幾十年間,塗鴉從貧民窟進入地鐵、逐步佔領都市街道,最
後甚至入駐畫廊與美術館,但塗鴉藝術未曾擺脫爭議色彩,與他們所處的社會始終
歷經著無止盡的磨合。 <br />
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這一切可從藝術界內部對於「藝術是什麼」的鬆動說起。Marcel Duchamp與Andy
Warhol試圖挑戰藝術界長久以來對於菁英與大眾、藝術與日常生活的對立觀點,鬆
動藝術美學與庶民品味之間的界線。憑什麼只有某種特定類型的東西才被認為得以
進入博物館、被稱為藝術品,而百貨公司裡吸引更多人注目的產品卻不是藝術
?Andy Warhol的作品「玉米濃湯罐」乍看之下是個瑣碎平凡的主題,但對當時的
主婦來說,玉米濃湯罐的發明讓主婦們能夠在短時間內迅速地端出美味的一道料理
,是個大幅便捷主婦生活的發明。他想傳達的一則訊息是,我們是否有可能將庶民
的日常觀點帶入藝術的判准。Keith Haring號召將藝術還給大眾、並將反戰以及抗議
美國英雄主義的訊息放進藝術創造之中。Jean Michel Basquiat以使用廢棄的木材與
輪胎做為創造素材著稱。另外亦興起以文化干擾(Culture Jamming)為目的、意圖
利用商業行為來干擾商業的藝術運動。作為藝術運動的一環,塗鴉最常被社會學破
窗理論批評為引誘犯罪的溫床:一旦某社區有大樓的窗戶被打破、景觀遭到了破壞
,就會有更多的犯罪與破壞事件接連出現。<br />
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回到台灣,除了塗鴉的創作者大多是美術系學生之外,隨著滑板文化興起,他們的
創作比較類似一種表演藝術、主題也比較不帶有憤怒性。例如知名塗鴉藝術家呂學
淵,其創作理念是使用噴漆帶領年輕人認識滑板次文化以及打開一道創作的門徑。
另有一批信仰空間即政治、以塗鴉作為一種政治抗議方式的表現者,例如投入樂生
反迫遷抗議等運動的Bbrother張碩尹。2006年他為了抗議文建會名義上收編華山文
化園區、實質上是以商業化剝奪自由藝術創造空間的作法,展開一系列的華山塗鴉
創作。Candy Bird 的創造風格受到日本的石田徹也很大的影響,作品經常透露出出
現代人對於都市生活以及上班文化的無奈。<br />
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講者對台灣塗鴉藝術的未來寄與厚望,提出她的批判提供大家參考。相對於街頭藝
術創作(Street art)的體制內路線、重視公共性與創作分享,塗鴉企圖進行體制外
的社會介入,具有反社會、匿名性、游擊性的批判性格。但無論他們採取的是什麼
樣的表現形式,觀眾都要去問其行動的意義是什麼,那才是重要的;同時創作是否
具有欣賞的價值,觀者也可以透過觀察作品與空間場域性是否融合得宜,是否妥當
地讓場域特徵進入作品,也是很重要的。舉巴西塗鴉兄弟名人 <a href="http://www.osgemeos.com.br/en" target="_blank">Os Gêmeos</a> 為例,他
們是波士頓幾年前的重要地標 <a href="http://www.osgemeos.com.br/en/projetos/institute-of-contemporary-art-boston-and-greenway-mural/" target="_blank">The Giant of Boston</a> 的創作者,他們的設計不僅擅長融
合背景與敘事,作品用色與主角人物的選擇亦能夠傳達他們對於巴西難民與政治問
題的立場。 <br />
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講者最後以介紹知名的匿名塗鴉創作者 <a href="http://banksy.co.uk/" target="_blank">Bansky</a> 結束本次演講。他成功地遊走在兩種
表現形式之間、並以「藝術恐怖份子」自稱:他主張以名字打知名度的時代已經結
束了,塗鴉者必須自問,透過創作你表達了什麼,而不是你叫什麼名字。他的塗鴉
出現在各大城市街頭的角落,以聰明狡猾但人人喊打的「老鼠」作為自己的寫照、
同時以此描寫社會底層人民的心聲。他長期透過塗鴉觸發觀者思考國際和平與霸權
國家文化資本主義輸出的問題, 用穿著防彈背心的和平鴿、還有手持武器的小女
孩,無須文字、訊息也令人了然於心。講者最後還分享了兩段分別介紹 <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Q8p3z2Fu_4" target="_blank">Banksy’s Village Pet Store</a> 及其創作理念的影片,並接受與會者的意見分享及提問。<br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">推薦:</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 14.6667003631592px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://exitthroughthegiftshop.com/index.html" target="_blank">Exit Through the Gift Shop</a></span></span><br />
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<br />
文字: <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Yi-Chen Lo</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">攝影: Chia-Chun Chung</span></div>
Chiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15396393080234702748noreply@blogger.com0Cambridge, MA, USA42.3736158 -71.109733542.3266968 -71.1904145 42.420534800000006 -71.0290525tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-596560882155774768.post-25279247305786529112015-09-26T14:00:00.000-04:002015-10-19T23:45:00.174-04:00禁不住的年代:關於台灣的禁歌 ● 淨曲<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">講者 魏瑀嫻</td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">本次的哲五由瑀嫻帶領大家回顧台灣的禁歌史。藉由探討時空背景的變化,歌曲的創作流行,政府控制手段的演化,我們以熟悉的歌曲為視角,反思近代台灣政治上與文化上的脈絡,及對 “唱自己的歌” 之意念的永恆追求。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">講者以一系列 “下列哪一首歌不曾在台灣被禁?” 的</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://bostonphilo.blogspot.com/2015/09/blog-post.html#QA">問答開場</a></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">。許多大家耳熟能詳的民謠和流行歌曲都曾因各種原因被列為禁歌。如天黑黑曾被認為影射台灣時態黑暗被禁。國民政府戰敗來臺之後對與中國/共、日本沾得上邊的字詞非常敏感(如 《四季紅》 的紅, 《捉泥鰍》 裡的 "小毛", 《何日君再來》 的 "日君再來")。其他因為創作者投共使得其所有創作被禁,或歌詞被認為是</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">靡靡之音</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">,渙散軍心, 思想左傾,甚至歌曲過於歡樂,都曾是歌曲被禁唱的理由。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; line-height: 1.38; white-space: pre-wrap;">台灣流行音樂的審查歷史,大致分為幾個時期:</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">日本當局在 1910曾禁唱台灣民謠,不過整體上禁令的執行並不嚴格。 1932 年出現了</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">第一部在台灣播放</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">的</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">中國電影:</span><a href="https://youtu.be/qoI57yqOLsw" style="text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">桃花泣血記</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">,也造就了同名的台灣第一首流行歌。當時唱片文化與歌曲創作蓬勃,知名的創作家鄧雨賢寫了 《</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">望春風</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">》</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">《</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">月夜愁</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">》</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">﹑</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">《</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">雨夜花</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">》</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">等至今大家仍朗朗上口的民謠。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">台灣第一首禁歌是</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1934</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">年的 《</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">街頭的流浪</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">》</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(失業兄弟)</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">原因是內容</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">抱怨唱衰當時政府</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 9.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1937 因中日戰爭爆發,日本政府為執行皇民化政策,開始打壓台語歌曲。</span></div>
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-434eaa3a-8351-8e63-819a-022bbfd42235"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">戰後初期(1945-1949)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 9.33333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">隨著二次大戰結束,中華民國政府遷台後在1945年 成立了</span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">警備總司令部</span><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">以鞏固其政權。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">當時被視為親日,或宣揚社會主義,或腐蝕人心的歌曲都成為被禁止的對象,而且審查的標準非常嚴厲。被禁唱的主要是當時主流的台語歌。</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">這個時期有名的台語禁歌包括: 《望春風</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">》</span><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">、《補破網</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">》</span><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">、《望你早歸</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">》</span><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">、《黃昏的故鄉</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">》</span><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">、《杯底不可飼金魚</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">》</span><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">、《媽媽請你也保重</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">》</span><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (暨是日本歌又腐蝕軍心)。</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">同時期也有許多從中國來的中文歌遭禁, 如 《夜上海</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">》</span><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">、《天涯歌女</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">》</span><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">、《桃李爭春</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">》</span><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 等, 主要理由是思想左傾。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">戒嚴初期(1949-1973):混亂而被動的審查制度</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">當時黑膠唱片進步,台語歌當道。盛行以國語詞填台語歌、台語詞填日語歌。國民政府因為急於減少方言使用,禁止親匪,禁止影響士氣, 採取 "先禁再說” 的手法。審查對象包括歌手、出版者、及詞曲創作者。</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">執行單位林林總總, 曾有警總、內政部、教育部、交通部、國防部、總政戰部、國立音樂研究所、中華民國音樂學會、台灣省新聞處、台灣省警務處、中國廣播公司... 當時並無全面系統性的審查, 執行方法相對簡單,包括 強制改寫、 禁播 、黑膠唱片貼貼紙 、 禁唱(但執行力不強)。唯一較有效的管制手段是藉由演藝人員證照發放/吊銷來威脅演藝人員。現場表演也會受到審查, 洪一峰的《寶島四季謠</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">》</span><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 因歌詞提到剛被命名為陽明山的 “草山” 而被禁。姚蘇蓉因在一場演唱會, 在觀眾鼓譟下唱了 《負心的人</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">》</span><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, 被吊銷執照, 轉到東南亞發展, 卻也因此傳播了台灣的流行歌曲。除了歌手出走到海外發展, 面對這樣的政策, 創作人也有了因應對策, 開始玩文字遊戲來避免被禁; 許多歌曲走紅後才被禁, 越禁越紅。</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">到了1960年代台語歌曲急遽衰退、國語歌盛世開始。1962 年開播的《群星會》是台灣電視史上第一個電視歌唱節目, 造就了 “電視歌星時代”,國語歌成為主流, 但還是難逃被禁的命運。</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1965 因冷戰策略, 美軍駐台, 英文歌開始流行, 相較於對台語和國語歌的管制, 政府不管英文歌。 Pub 的興起提供了新的平台 - 駐唱歌手們如歐陽菲菲、黃鶯鶯、陽光合唱團逐漸發展固定的觀眾群。英文歌新潮、自由度高、內容跟台灣的時事沒有直接的關聯, 因而在年青人中非常受歡迎。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">戒嚴中期(1973-1980):系統化審查與淨化歌曲</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">隨著國際局勢的變化, 政府對意識形態管控的重視加深。1969年起開始組織國慶宣慰僑胞團 (至今仍每年派團出國) 歌星們為了避免失去演出的舞台配合參與。文夏因拒絕政府而被吊銷執照。</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1971年,中華民國退出聯合國,政府進一步要求莊敬自強、激勵人心。1973新聞局成立(</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">宋楚瑜曾任局長) </span><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">統一執行系統化審查、並頒布了出版法、十二條查禁理由、主導 “淨化歌曲運動” (如推行 《梅花</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">》</span><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 及 《國父紀念歌</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">》</span><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">) 。1976的廣播電視法, 以數量和時間限制, 進一步打壓方言。1979歌曲改為事前送審制。</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">七零年代同時校園民歌運動興起 。校園民歌看似是反動與創新,但是在政府監控下,民歌多以國語創作 , 主題多以小情小愛為主, 鮮少反動的元素。</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">台灣歌謠復興</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1976年起黃春明、林二、簡上仁等人,開始進行田野調查、撰文出書或創作新歌,復興台灣歌謠。他們舉著“文化復興”的大旗, 修改台灣過去的禁歌使其通過審查。他們的努力爭取, 讓許多過去被禁的歌曲, 如《農村曲</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">》</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">、《補破網</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">》</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">、《望你早歸</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">》</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">、《雨夜花</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">》</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">、《四季謠</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">》</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(原名《四季紅</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">》</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)等歌重新被唱、被聽到。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">戒嚴晚期(1980-1987)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">八零年代, 許多公共議題開始醞釀, 社會運動活絡。在社運人士試圖撼動體制的同時, 創作人也與政府有許多攻防,有些正面挑戰審查機制, 有些巧妙規避希望作品不要被禁</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1980台灣第一張客語搖滾《無緣</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">》</span><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(吳盛智、呂金守)被禁</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1981滾石唱片、1982飛碟唱片成立</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">丘丘合唱團的 《就在今夜</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">》</span><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">專輯、 蘇芮的 《一樣的月光</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">》</span><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">掀起歌壇搖滾高潮</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">羅大佑的《之乎者也</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">》</span><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">( 眼睛睜一隻 嘴巴呼一呼 / 耳朵遮一遮 皆大歡喜也 / 大家都知之 大家都在乎 / 袖手旁觀者 你我是也) 充滿對審查制度的批判諷刺; 《亞細亞的孤兒</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">》</span><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">指的昰台灣, 但當時為了避免被禁, 歌名後加了</span><a href="http://www.nownews.com/n/2009/03/14/949090" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">「紅色的夢魘致中南半島難民」</span></a><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">的副標題, 通過審查。</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1983年, 創作</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">《酒矸倘賣無》《捉泥鰍》《龍的傳人》的</span><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">侯德健赴中, 他的其他作品因此被禁</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1987解嚴。滾石出版《快樂天堂</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">》</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.6667px; line-height: 1.38; white-space: pre-wrap;">審查歌曲每週一次,從1979年到1987年12月,一共審查了三百二十期,受審的歌曲超過二萬首,而沒有通過的歌曲佔了六分之一,並有九百三十餘首歌曲遭禁唱。新聞局在九年間禁過約930首歌,其中文夏演唱者有99首 (超過十分之一)。 審查制度 訂定為只要有一人否決就可以禁歌。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">後戒嚴時期</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1990新聞局結束歌曲審查, 但經過了數十年的政治力介入, 媒體、創作者的自我審查早已內化, 一時難以根除。許多聽歌者也因習慣了被審查過的 “淨歌” 而接受了歌曲傳達的意識形態。即便如此, 仍有音樂人堅持理念走進抗議現場, 結合運動創作出異議歌曲 (如1989黑名單工作室的《 老賊你好</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">》</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; 交工樂團、拷秋勤、巴奈 都參與社會運動頗深)</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">控管與縫隙</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; line-height: 1.38; white-space: pre-wrap;">回顧台灣的禁歌史, 政府用各種手段意圖控制思想的傳遞, 但上有政策下有對策, 人們對言論自由的渴求, 始終沒有被完全磨滅。這意念的韌性, 從各種規避禁令的手法可略勘一二: </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">偷天換日:改寫規避審查</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">《苦酒滿杯</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">》</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 歌名改成 《男人的眼淚</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">》</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">《今天不回家</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">》</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 專輯封面改成 《今天要回家</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">》</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">《爽歪歪</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">》</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 被改寫數次後成為勸女性凡事忍耐的 《勸世歌</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">》</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">爽歪歪 → 你爽我也爽 → 你舒服我也舒服 → 醉彌勒 → 勸世歌 (</span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8yLTzh7XEHU" style="text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">鄧麗君演唱</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">) </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">最後到布袋戲推出時才以“醉彌勒”來演唱</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">人不能唱的歌,就交給戲偶來唱</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">當時規定電視節目每天不得播超過兩首台語歌,每首不得超過一分半。沒有受到規定的布袋戲就成為台語流行歌偷渡的窗口。1970台視推出黃俊雄電視布袋戲,曾創下 97%的收視率, 至今無人能破。戲中人物如苦海女神龍、醉彌勒、冷霜子….都有搭配出場主題曲, 許多禁歌得以藉此播放出來。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">冷戰策略下的小解放</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">廣播主持人費禮創造了 “熱門音樂” 一詞, 指的是美軍電台AFNT播放的美國流行音樂。 後來轉型為 ICRT 的AFNT是台灣第一個 FM 電台, 播放美國唱片公司直送至美國軍方的音樂。熱門音樂受到年輕人的歡迎, 其他電台如中廣、警廣、世新、復興、幼獅、正聲也開了專門播放熱門音樂的節目。知名樂團洛克、雷蒙、海韻、陽光等, 翻唱西洋歌曲後有了該創作「自己的熱門音樂」的反思。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">不過隨著 disco 和民歌西餐廳興起, 駐唱漸漸落沒, 樂手也各奔前程。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">民歌採集</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1966年, 史惟亮、 許常惠開始了 “民歌採集運動”, 以田野調查蒐錄民間音樂採集了大量本土的珍貴史料。在文化界號召 “我們要創作自己的歌”, 要自我定位時, 掀起了文化位階的論戰。什麼樣的音樂能被算是 "我們的音樂”? 討論逼迫我們深思: 文化有高低之 分嗎? 我們該蒐錄純化(被官方過濾過)的經典還是活生生的傳統? 反映生活的歪歌與亂彈也是民歌嗎?何謂 “民族音樂”? 這些問題背後所代表的, 許多認同上的差異 (鄉土vs.現代主義, 台灣vs.中國, 我們是誰?) 許多公開的論戰仍然延續至今, 也或多或少存在每一個人的心中。</span></div>
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<ul style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<li style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">從校園民歌到異議歌曲</span></div>
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</ul>
<div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">校園民歌, 在政府的控制下看似反動卻鮮少被禁。 成長於戒嚴時期的年青人早已習慣自我審查, 歌曲走向大多是正面,小清新路線。期待”唱自己的歌” 的</span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2FHtpI3WSj4" style="text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">李雙澤</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">在淡江大學在現場唱補破網與國父紀念歌, 問唱英文歌的同儕: “</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">我們自己的歌在哪裡?”</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 李雙澤過世的很早, 好友楊祖君胡德夫合力整理其遺作</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">《</span><a href="https://youtu.be/bb2jXvj9CAc" style="text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">美麗島</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">》緬懷李雙澤</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">。隨著被黨外人士傳唱, </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">美麗島雜誌的創辦, 到美麗島事件, 這首歌被時代賦予了多層的意義</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">校園民歌被批評 “只剩校園,不再民歌” 。由於內容大多風花雪月, 失去了民歌的精神, 走樣成以省錢為出發點的商業包裝。 羅大佑是一個例外: 從小清新路線走向批判社會。他的 《之乎者也</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">》</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">諷刺政府禁歌與盜版猖獗。《</span><a href="https://youtu.be/PSdmcvXmPpw" style="text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">皇后大道東</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">》</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">批判香港97回歸, 現在回頭看歌詞格外令人感慨。</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
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<div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">最後回想關於禁歌的種種, 我們不知道數十年來那些被禁的歌, 有沒有被唱過? 說了什麼? 背後又有什麼樣的故事? 曾經失去的, 我們不可能完全找得回來, 那在好幾個世代的群體的長成上, 我們缺了什麼? 該如何去追尋? 從對方言的打壓文化位階的出現, 若把反思擴大到教育文化, 我們的喜好, 是否可能是被訓練出來的品味? 人人心中的一個小警總, 也許一直默默的蒙蔽了我們的眼睛, 耳朵, 使得我們對沒機會接觸卻該是自己的東西, 一點都不了解。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">每個時代, 每一群人都不斷追求 “唱自己的歌”。現在我們似乎活在有 “快樂天堂” 的時代,但, 真的嗎? </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; line-height: 1.38; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<a name="QA"> 問答集 </a></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">問:那一首歌不曾在台灣被禁?</span></div>
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<li style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">天黑黑</span></div>
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<li style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">四季紅</span></div>
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<li style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">丟丟銅仔</span></div>
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<li style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">愛拼才會贏</span></div>
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<li style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">快樂的牧場(山頂的黑狗兄)</span></div>
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<b id="docs-internal-guid-13eb30d7-8326-a4d9-4956-1c94f3d3c536" style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
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<div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">答:愛拼才會贏。</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">因為與台灣悲情無關,正面。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">其他被禁的原因:</span></div>
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<li style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">天黑黑:描述台灣黑暗</span></div>
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<li style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">四季紅:因為關鍵字“紅” (解禁有</span></div>
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<li style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">丟丟銅仔:日據時期曾經禁止公開演出(短暫) 戒嚴被禁:歌詞淫穢</span></div>
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<li style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">黑狗兄:太過於開心</span></div>
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</ul>
<div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">問:那一首歌不曾在台灣被禁?</span></div>
<ul style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<li style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">何日君再來</span></div>
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<li style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">月亮代表我的心</span></div>
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<li style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">甜蜜蜜</span></div>
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<li style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">夜來香</span></div>
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<li style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">夜上海</span></div>
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</ul>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
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<div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">答:甜蜜蜜</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">其他被禁的原因:</span></div>
<ul style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<li style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">何日君再來:中共或日本再來?被三個政權禁止。日本(靡靡之音)、國民政府(靡靡之音)說 何“日軍”再、,中共(靡靡之音) 都懷疑有通敵之嫌</span></div>
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<li style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">月亮代表我的心:靡靡之音</span></div>
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<li style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">夜來香: 同上,另原唱李香蘭在戰後被掛上漢奸之名,連帶其作品都被禁唱。</span></div>
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<li style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">夜上海: 紙醉金迷</span></div>
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</ul>
<div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">問:那一首歌不曾在台灣被禁?</span></div>
<ul style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<li style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">寶島曼波</span></div>
</li>
<li style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">綠島小夜曲</span></div>
</li>
<li style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">舞女:陳小雲</span></div>
</li>
<li style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">酒矸湯賣無</span></div>
</li>
<li style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">亞細亞的孤兒</span></div>
</li>
<li style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">姑娘的酒窩</span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">答:亞細亞的孤兒</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">其他被禁的原因:</span></div>
<ul style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<li style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">寶島曼波:過於強調台灣本體</span></div>
</li>
<li style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">綠島小夜曲:將台灣形容成一艘「搖啊搖」的船</span></div>
</li>
<li style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">舞女(陳小雲):詞曲狂盪,危害社教。</span></div>
</li>
<li style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">酒矸湯賣無:蘇芮唱的,原本沒有被禁搭上電影(搭錯車),但是寫歌的侯德健因為後來投共(龍的傳人)所以其所創作的歌都被禁</span></div>
</li>
<li style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">姑娘的酒窩:敗壞社會善良風俗。</span></div>
</li>
<li style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 亞細亞的孤兒:戒嚴晚期的作品,羅大佑提出副標「紅色的夢魘致中南半島難民」,以「自我審查」來規避審查。羅事後受訪表示,其實他寫亞細亞的孤兒指的的確是台灣島上的人民。</span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">問:那一首歌不曾在台灣被禁?(70年代 校園民歌時代)</span></div>
<ul style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<li style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">月琴</span></div>
</li>
<li style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">抓泥鰍</span></div>
</li>
<li style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">橄欖樹</span></div>
</li>
<li style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">美麗島</span></div>
</li>
<li style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">少年中國</span></div>
</li>
<li style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">龍的傳人</span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">答:月琴</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">其他被禁的原因:</span></div>
<ul style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<li style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">抓泥鰍:“小毛“的哥哥</span></div>
</li>
<li style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">橄欖樹:歌詞 流浪 諷刺政府</span></div>
</li>
<li style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">美麗島:李雙澤創作此曲先於美麗島雜誌以及美麗島事件,黨外人士以此曲做為雜誌之名後,本來沒政治意涵的曲便與黨外運動劃上等號。</span></div>
</li>
<li style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">少年中國(與美麗島作者同為李雙澤):有鼓吹統一之嫌被禁</span></div>
</li>
<li style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">龍的傳人:中美斷交的時節所做 因為作者後來投共所以被禁</span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">許多歌原先在創作時沒有抗議的意涵,後來被多方傳唱、賦與抗議歌曲的地位。例: 黃昏的故鄉</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">推薦參考</span></h3>
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<div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://www.taaze.tw/sing.html?pid=11100745084" style="text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">造音翻土:戰後台灣聲響文化的探索</span></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-434eaa3a-8327-01c1-e482-f61eee33c14d"><a href="http://moonformosa.blogspot.com/2007/12/blog-post_02.html" style="text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">李坤城: 台灣戒嚴時期禁歌漫談</span></a></span></span><br />
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<div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">文字: Chia-Chun Chung, Julia Wang</span></div>
<span id="docs-internal-guid-434eaa3a-8326-191c-ff9f-76fc3d4e9bbe"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">攝影: Chia-Chien Wu</span></span></div>
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Chiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15396393080234702748noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-596560882155774768.post-89568691910003654892015-07-07T19:01:00.000-04:002015-08-24T20:46:46.630-04:00獨立媒體與網路世代 - 新世紀的公民監督(二)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYyR9NEDUoS4qtPxMvy3MUTcMf5t6A2v3a-XEzJsUn1BLsU428z9bk7lADGqQJuzILa5aI5tXAwynoxLyggJ_GnMd4XIJHaVEE3GF13b6UfaZkTbEstWYaQ1cBcZ19otQC6IZlnLVvSg8R/s1600/11261936_10152985094062308_6560158255785314512_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="319" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYyR9NEDUoS4qtPxMvy3MUTcMf5t6A2v3a-XEzJsUn1BLsU428z9bk7lADGqQJuzILa5aI5tXAwynoxLyggJ_GnMd4XIJHaVEE3GF13b6UfaZkTbEstWYaQ1cBcZ19otQC6IZlnLVvSg8R/s320/11261936_10152985094062308_6560158255785314512_n.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">講者 </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 20px; text-align: left;">林祖儀先生</span></span></td></tr>
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哲學星期五邀請到曾全程參與318學運,現為沃草執行長、割闌尾計畫的發言人林祖儀來談談從學運到割闌尾計畫的始末。</div>
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林祖儀有感於台灣媒體對學運選擇性的報導,使社會大眾對學生有所誤會。於是,林祖儀認為PTT上常會有人團購蛋糕、餅乾之類的東西,那我們有沒有可能以團購的方式,透過群體募資的方式合購頭版廣告來傳達318學運的主要訴求,並讓社會大眾更加了解服貿議題。在3月24日當天,林祖儀和其他數十位PTT鄉民即在網路發起募資,並在短短三個小時內便募得新台幣633萬,創下亞洲史上募資速度最快記錄,募資金額足以買下蘋果日報、自由時報以及紐約時報國際版頭版廣告。林祖儀謙虛的說或許是當日爆發行政院學生流血驅離事件,使得網路募資的一舉成功,吸引各家媒體報導而使社會大眾更加了解學生訴求。讓 <b>Democracyat4am</b>,不只成為打破媒體高牆的第一步,也鼓舞當時在立院抗爭的學生士氣。然而鑑於頭版廣告其持續效力有限,林祖儀等人又創建了”4am.tw”網站。此網站在三天內就累積了100萬瀏覽人次,成為報導學運,收集學運相關相片以及翻譯報導的主要集合網站。</div>
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<a href="https://www.facebook.com/notes/caf%C3%A9-philo-boston/%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94%E8%88%87%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF%E4%B8%96%E4%BB%A3-%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E7%9A%84%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E7%9B%A3%E7%9D%A3%E4%BA%8C-%E6%B4%BB%E5%8B%95%E6%96%87%E6%91%98/988101771247958#" role="button" style="color: #3b5998; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;"></a>學運後期,林祖儀苦腦募款資金所剩金額有限,無法在學運退場時再次買下頭版廣告。此時有媒體前輩向林祖儀建議應要化主動為被動,於是他釋放想刊登退場宣言的消息後,果然蘋果日報立刻提出50萬元的打折方案,而自由時報甚至提出“0”元方案,願意免費刊登(蘋果日報也接著跟進只收“1“元的)。最後林祖儀等人順利的將學運退場宣言刊登在蘋果、自由的頭版和聯合報的半版廣告,而這此群眾集體募資的款項可以說是運用的淋漓盡致,徹徹底底的讓318學運的訴求讓社會大眾所了解。</div>
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林祖儀說道“台灣現在所有的問題,其實還是在政治人物”。他認為,台灣社會過度把政治期待放在幾位政治強人的身上,到最後卻讓人民期待落空。從前總統陳水扁到現任總統馬英九都發生過。而現在的台北市長柯文哲也被台灣大眾所神格化,這並不是個好現象。林祖儀認為長治久安的方式,是把對的政治人物放到位子上去,把不對的人從位子上讓他下來。“強化選舉權,推動罷免權 ”才是解決現今台灣社會問題的方法。</div>
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<b>沃草</b></div>
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沃草的目標是希望透過成立一個公開、即時的網路平台來降低一般公民參與政治的門檻,進而實質強化人民的選舉權。其中,<b>國會無雙</b> 提供立法委員在立法院質詢的現場直播,以播報棒球賽的方式,無論是會前預報、直播時有主播、專業的評論來評論報導會議主題與進程,也有會後戰報來說明會議結果。更有剪輯精彩片段,剪輯重要的<u>好球,烏龍球,界外球</u>等等,讓民眾可以看到立委在會議中的表現。林祖儀打趣的說道,有別於一般新聞記者往往因為交稿壓力無法全程參與立院會議,“國會無雙”會陪著大家坐一天,全程的參與監督,仔細看看立委們有沒有好好問政,並期待以簡單明遼、,歡樂卻不失專業的內容來吸引廣大的公民參與政治。目前國會無雙,已經完成180場直播,417則新聞,152相關影片與116插圖。沃草也嘗試用其他如漫畫等清楚易懂的方式,讓公民了解立法院相關的新聞報導。</div>
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不只只是 <b>國會無雙 </b>,2014年年底選舉期間,沃草推出 <b>市長給問嗎?</b>來提供一個即時、雙向且平等的平台,讓任何的公民都能夠向候選人提問。而明年2016總統大選,沃草同樣會推出 <b>總統給問嗎?</b> ,來讓公民更加了解總統候選人的政見。</div>
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<b>割闌尾運動</b></div>
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談到割闌尾運動,林祖儀首先放了一段影片,內容是2015年2月14日罷免蔡正元投票後的感言。在影片播放的同時,割闌尾台北林先生便出現在CafePhilo@Boston的會場。林先生穿著白色大袍,帶著手術帽,口罩還有一件“可割可棄利大於弊”的背心,開始與我們訴說割闌尾的始末。</div>
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首先,林祖儀等人在網路上舉辦 <b>爛尾</b>的投票。由蔡正元立委奪得第一,而林鴻池立委和吳育昇立委則分居第二、第三。於是他便開始對這三位立法委員們進行推動罷免的運動。然而,在台灣罷免一位立委需通過三個階段。第一,徵求該立委選區內2%選舉人同意「提議罷免」,向選區內的選舉委員會提出罷免提議書。第二,開始連署罷免,需選區內13%選舉人連署才能進行罷免案投票。第三,罷免案投票,需1/2選舉人投票並有1/2有效票才能始其罷免案成立。</div>
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林祖儀等人首先建立了”割闌尾計劃”網站,希望民眾能以現今的網路科技,快速、正確的填完連署書列印後再寄回,來達到現今罷免法的高門檻。但這樣的效果並不好,於是他們開始在全台各地擺攤,以直接面對民眾方式,讓更多的人了解罷免權是什麼、如何行使罷免權。大多數民眾其實都不太清楚罷免權是什麼,而一份連署書可能需要花十幾分鐘的解釋。但這樣十分難得的草根教育,意外的讓民眾參與政治意願大大提高。即便第一階段進行的十分緩慢,割闌尾計畫還是收集到足夠的連署提議書,能夠向立法院提議三位立委的罷免案。</div>
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而接下來的第二階段卻越加困難,他們必須在30天內收集到至少5000份的連署同意書。林祖儀感慨的說,擺攤的效率大概是一個晚上十多份,跟本無法達成如此高的門檻。於是,割闌尾計畫便和g0v專案小組合作,進行 <b>割闌尾V計畫</b> ,在2014年11月29日七合一選舉當天,至三位立委選區內108個投開票所擺攤。他們動員了三千多名志工一起進行連署,在一天之內收集到4萬多份罷免蔡正元立委的連署書(最後共有6萬多份同意書同意罷免蔡正元立委),成功得進入罷免投票階段。但是,林鴻池與吳育昇的罷免案,因為在時間內收集不到足夠的連署書而提前終結。</div>
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<span class="photo photo_right" style="clear: right; float: right; max-width: 180px; padding: 2px 0px 5px 10px;"></span>第三階段罷免投票之時,中選會還特別告知罷免投票不得宣傳這項非常荒謬法令,使得罷免投票如登天般困難。僅管如此,在志工們還是努力的掃街”拜票”,希望能讓罷免成立。遺憾的是因為投票率沒有50%,即使過半的人支持罷免蔡正元,罷免案還是失敗。講到這裡,台北林先生充滿感慨,開票當晚他還是不爭氣地流眼淚了。因為他非常希望能夠罷免一位爛立委,即使只是罷免一位,也能夠讓其他立委有所警惕。再說,罷免權是權利,卻20年沒有執行過。</div>
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林祖儀最後說,他現在最大的願望就是,以後割闌尾就此消失,因為台灣沒有爛的立委可以割。我們選出來的都是好的人,好的立委。<br />
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Chiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15396393080234702748noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-596560882155774768.post-7627855327700012032015-07-07T19:00:00.000-04:002015-08-24T20:45:51.868-04:00獨立媒體與網路世代 - 新世紀的公民監督(一)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">講者 李惠仁導演</td></tr>
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23年前,一位服裝設計系學生在畢業展上對創意做了大膽的詮釋;但他充滿想像的創作卻被保守的老師認定”不符合規定”。這場分歧扼殺了一位新銳服裝設計師,卻意外造就一位在多年後投身公民監督的獨立記者。這位設計系學生就是李惠仁—”不能戳的秘密”導演。他在畢業前兩個月棄學當兵,退伍後改讀新聞,並先後在多家電視台擔任攝影記者。2008/02/12連勝文的長子誕生,當天--包括李導演任職的電視台--臺灣的主流平面及電視媒體爭相報導這則新聞。無數SNG車和攝影機層層包圍位於中山北路上的醫院,這個荒謬的現象讓李導演決定離開電視台,從此成為一位獨立記者。這一天是前副總統長孫的生日,也是李惠仁身為新聞工作者的重生之日。</div>
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<b>不能戳的秘密</b> - 農委會背上的一根芒刺</div>
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李導演採集病死雞檢體、委託研究機構進行分子生物實驗,一步步揭露政府官員涉嫌隱匿高致病性禽流感疫情、以及官官相護的共犯結構。禽流感爆發初期,政府宣稱傳染原是侯鳥,僅以消毒相關區域做為因應措施。之後,隨著情流感疫情加劇,面對李導演對於政府隱匿疫情的質疑,農委會官員在記者會上表示:”高致病性病毒的主要判定標準為臨床上大量死亡現象,而非分子生物檢驗結果。因未出現大量死亡的疫情報告,臺灣的禽流感疫情不屬於高致病性”。這個<u>參考國際規範、考量臺灣特殊情形、經由專家學者分析和綜合判斷後</u>的結論是:政府並未向臺灣民眾或是國際組織隱匿禽流感疫情,因為研判當時的感染屬於低致病性。然而在紀錄片公開首映後7個月,農委會招開緊急記者會公布:”經由民眾通報,臺灣首次驗出高致病性禽流感病毒”。巧合的是, 一場討論進口含瘦肉精美國牛肉的專家會議將在這場記者會隔天舉行。面對這樣的巧合,李導演製作了另一部紀錄片 <b>不能戳的秘密2—國家機器</b> 進一步揭露政府官官相護的共犯結構。這部續集質疑政府規避媒體監督,以及執政黨強力護航失職官員。首先,當時的農委會主委(陳武雄)在記者會中,面對李導演的諸多提問,多次實問虛答後,最終以直接離席做為回應。執政黨的禽流感調查報告未檢討可能涉及瀆職以及偽造文書的失職官員,卻提出<i><u>李惠仁條款</u></i><u>— 國定動物傳染病的檢驗報告,除特定公家機關,任何人不得公開疫情</u>。此外,國民黨立院黨團書記長吳育昇發出甲級動員令,阻止將相關農委會官員送交檢調單位調查。最後,李導演在本次活動中透露:根據他的調查,在宣布將組成專家小組調查瘦肉精安全性時,其實政府已經決定開放進口含瘦肉精的美國牛肉。兩部紀錄片指控政府草率制定公共衛生政策、規避媒體監督,官僚系統利用國家機器袒護失職公務員、選擇性地引用定義及採信實驗結果。</div>
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<b>媒體被豢養,人民被馴服</b></div>
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除了分享紀錄片的拍攝過程及內容,李導演亦表達對於臺灣媒體生態的憂心。近年,媒體服務政治的例子在臺灣屢見不鮮。農委會涉嫌隱匿報告與證據,進而造成病毒演化、禽流感疫情擴散便是一例。新聞媒體背離平衡報導和維持中立的原則,逐漸成為政府政令宣導的的工具、政策的傳聲筒。基於特定政治或是商業目的,即使市場規模有限,仍有多於市場需求的媒體在臺灣運作。面對同業間的激烈競爭,電視台要求其新聞記者以有限的資源和時間裡完成一定數量的報導。不理想的大環境同時限制了新聞傳播的廣度與深度。新聞工作者為求有效率地完成工作,其報導往往聚焦於高度受關注的議題,卻僅是轉述政府官員的發言或節錄相關人士發表於社群網站上的文章。媒體面對生存壓力,放棄理應堅守的客觀立場變成不得不的妥協,進行深入報導被視為不符合經濟效益的做法。政府和財團藉由其經濟力量豢養媒體,置作、傳遞特定且單一的新聞內容。民眾長期被動地接受大量同質性高卻片面的新聞,便在不知不覺馴服於特定價值觀。李惠仁導演的另一部作品<b>蘋果的滋味</b>對於臺灣當前的媒體生態有非常生動、詳細的紀錄。</div>
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<b>專家政治 </b></div>
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李惠仁導演預告今年會完成<b>不能戳的秘密3</b>,這部作品將會探討學術界與官僚系統之間盤宗錯節的關係。身為利益共同體的一員,少數研究工作者選擇和技術官僚共同捍衛個人利益、放棄對於學術倫理的堅持。導演表示:前教育部長蔣偉寧的論文抄襲事件,只是學術倫理崩壞的冰山一角。當政府官員掌握分配國家研究經費的決定權,依賴政府經費從事研究的專家學者,在政策制定的過程中,可能被不肖官員利誘或綁架為特定政策背書。當民眾因為官員引用了學術研究結果,便傾向於支持相關政策,這種對於專家先入為主的信任,使得專家意見成為政府爭取民意支持的重要助力。對權威意見的迷信造就了臺灣的<i>專家政治</i>—少數公民因為具備某些專業知識或學位,其對於公眾議題的發言和立場,於決策過程中被賦予較高的權重;而一般大眾或非相關領域人士,則被質疑專業性不足,因此其意見常常不被採納。導演分享了一段前臺北市長郝龍斌和小學生討論其鮮奶政策的影片。片中郝市長數度糾正造訪學生引用的資料錯誤,並說明自己是在臺大教營養的博士。市長的回應讓一位與會的學生沮喪地表示:”一個權威者在那裏搬弄知識而已”。在專家政治掛帥的臺灣,這場博士與小學生的對談,不令人意外地,小學生自始至終不曾被賦予充分表達意見的機會。</div>
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<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 22.0799999237061px; white-space: pre-wrap;">文字: Meng-Yun Lin</span></div>
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Chiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15396393080234702748noreply@blogger.com0